Synchronously throw the given exception.

Since: 0.1.0.0

A convenience function for throwing a user error. This is useful for cases where it would be too high a burden to define your own exception type.

This throws an exception of type StringException. When GHC supports it (base 4.9 and GHC 8.0 and onward), it includes a call stack.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Exception type thrown by throwString.

Note that the second field of the data constructor depends on GHC/base version. For base 4.9 and GHC 8.0 and later, the second field is a call stack. Previous versions of GHC and base do not support call stacks, and the field is simply unit (provided to make pattern matching across GHC versions easier).

Since: 0.1.0.0

Smart constructor for a StringException that deals with the call stack.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Throw an asynchronous exception to another thread.

Synchronously typed exceptions will be wrapped into an AsyncExceptionWrapper, see https://github.com/fpco/safe-exceptions#determining-sync-vs-async.

It's usually a better idea to use the UnliftIO.Async module, see https://github.com/fpco/safe-exceptions#quickstart.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Generate a pure value which, when forced, will synchronously throw the given exception.

Generally it's better to avoid using this function and instead use throwIO, see https://github.com/fpco/safe-exceptions#quickstart.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Unwrap an Either value, throwing its Left value as a runtime exception via throwIO if present.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Same as fromEither, but works on an IO-wrapped Either.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Same as fromEither, but works on an m-wrapped Either.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Unlifted catch, but will not catch asynchronous exceptions.

Since: 0.1.0.0

catch specialized to only catching IOExceptions.

Since: 0.1.0.0

catch specialized to catch all synchronous exception.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Same as catch, but fully force evaluation of the result value to find all impure exceptions.

Since: 0.1.0.0

catchDeep specialized to catch all synchronous exception.

Since: 0.1.0.0

catchJust is like catch but it takes an extra argument which is an exception predicate, a function which selects which type of exceptions we're interested in.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Flipped version of catch.

Since: 0.1.0.0

handle specialized to only catching IOExceptions.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Flipped version of catchAny.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Flipped version of catchDeep.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Flipped version of catchAnyDeep.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Flipped catchJust.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Unlifted try, but will not catch asynchronous exceptions.

Since: 0.1.0.0

try specialized to only catching IOExceptions.

Since: 0.1.0.0

try specialized to catch all synchronous exceptions.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Same as try, but fully force evaluation of the result value to find all impure exceptions.

Since: 0.1.0.0

tryDeep specialized to catch all synchronous exceptions.

Since: 0.1.0.0

A variant of try that takes an exception predicate to select which exceptions are caught.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Evaluate the value to WHNF and catch any synchronous exceptions.

The expression may still have bottom values within it; you may instead want to use pureTryDeep.

Since: 0.2.2.0

Evaluate the value to NF and catch any synchronous exceptions.

Since: 0.2.2.0

Generalized version of Handler.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Same as upstream catches, but will not catch asynchronous exceptions.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Same as catches, but fully force evaluation of the result value to find all impure exceptions.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Async safe version of onException.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Async safe version of bracket.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Async safe version of bracket_.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Async safe version of finally.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Like onException, but provides the handler the thrown exception.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Async safe version of bracketOnError.

Since: 0.1.0.0

A variant of bracketOnError where the return value from the first computation is not required.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Wrap up an asynchronous exception to be treated as a synchronous exception.

This is intended to be created via toSyncException.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Convert an exception into a synchronous exception.

For synchronous exceptions, this is the same as toException. For asynchronous exceptions, this will wrap up the exception with SyncExceptionWrapper.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Wrap up a synchronous exception to be treated as an asynchronous exception.

This is intended to be created via toAsyncException.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Convert an exception into an asynchronous exception.

For asynchronous exceptions, this is the same as toException. For synchronous exceptions, this will wrap up the exception with AsyncExceptionWrapper.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Check if the given exception is synchronous.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Check if the given exception is asynchronous.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Unlifted version of mask.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Unlifted version of uninterruptibleMask.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Unlifted version of mask_.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Unlifted version of uninterruptibleMask_.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Lifted version of evaluate.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Deeply evaluate a value using evaluate and NFData.

Since: 0.1.0.0

Any type that you wish to throw or catch as an exception must be an instance of the Exception class. The simplest case is a new exception type directly below the root:

data MyException = ThisException | ThatException
    deriving Show

instance Exception MyException

The default method definitions in the Exception class do what we need in this case. You can now throw and catch ThisException and ThatException as exceptions:

*Main> throw ThisException `catch` \e -> putStrLn ("Caught " ++ show (e :: MyException))
Caught ThisException

In more complicated examples, you may wish to define a whole hierarchy of exceptions:

---------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Make the root exception type for all the exceptions in a compiler

data SomeCompilerException = forall e . Exception e => SomeCompilerException e

instance Show SomeCompilerException where
    show (SomeCompilerException e) = show e

instance Exception SomeCompilerException

compilerExceptionToException :: Exception e => e -> SomeException
compilerExceptionToException = toException . SomeCompilerException

compilerExceptionFromException :: Exception e => SomeException -> Maybe e
compilerExceptionFromException x = do
    SomeCompilerException a <- fromException x
    cast a

---------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Make a subhierarchy for exceptions in the frontend of the compiler

data SomeFrontendException = forall e . Exception e => SomeFrontendException e

instance Show SomeFrontendException where
    show (SomeFrontendException e) = show e

instance Exception SomeFrontendException where
    toException = compilerExceptionToException
    fromException = compilerExceptionFromException

frontendExceptionToException :: Exception e => e -> SomeException
frontendExceptionToException = toException . SomeFrontendException

frontendExceptionFromException :: Exception e => SomeException -> Maybe e
frontendExceptionFromException x = do
    SomeFrontendException a <- fromException x
    cast a

---------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Make an exception type for a particular frontend compiler exception

data MismatchedParentheses = MismatchedParentheses
    deriving Show

instance Exception MismatchedParentheses where
    toException   = frontendExceptionToException
    fromException = frontendExceptionFromException

We can now catch a MismatchedParentheses exception as MismatchedParentheses, SomeFrontendException or SomeCompilerException, but not other types, e.g. IOException:

*Main> throw MismatchedParentheses `catch` \e -> putStrLn ("Caught " ++ show (e :: MismatchedParentheses))
Caught MismatchedParentheses
*Main> throw MismatchedParentheses `catch` \e -> putStrLn ("Caught " ++ show (e :: SomeFrontendException))
Caught MismatchedParentheses
*Main> throw MismatchedParentheses `catch` \e -> putStrLn ("Caught " ++ show (e :: SomeCompilerException))
Caught MismatchedParentheses
*Main> throw MismatchedParentheses `catch` \e -> putStrLn ("Caught " ++ show (e :: IOException))
*** Exception: MismatchedParentheses

The class Typeable allows a concrete representation of a type to be calculated.

The SomeException type is the root of the exception type hierarchy. When an exception of type e is thrown, behind the scenes it is encapsulated in a SomeException.

Superclass for asynchronous exceptions.

Since: base-4.7.0.0

Exceptions that occur in the IO monad. An IOException records a more specific error type, a descriptive string and maybe the handle that was used when the error was flagged.

If the first argument evaluates to True, then the result is the second argument. Otherwise an AssertionFailed exception is raised, containing a String with the source file and line number of the call to assert.

Assertions can normally be turned on or off with a compiler flag (for GHC, assertions are normally on unless optimisation is turned on with -O or the -fignore-asserts option is given). When assertions are turned off, the first argument to assert is ignored, and the second argument is returned as the result.