Create a new channel, returning its write and read ends.

The write end of a channel created with newChan.

The read end of a channel created with newChan.

Our class of types supporting primitive array operations. Instance method definitions are architecture-dependent.

Returns immediately with an Element a future, which returns one unique element when it becomes available via tryRead.

Note: This is a destructive operation. See Element for more details.

Note re. exceptions: When an async exception is raised during a tryReadChan the message that the read would have returned is likely to be lost, just as it would be when raised directly after this function returns.

readChan io c returns the next element from c, calling tryReadChan and looping on the Element returned, and calling io at each iteration when the element is not yet available. It throws BlockedIndefinitelyOnMVar when isActive determines that a value will never be returned.

When used like readChan yield or readChan (threadDelay 10) this is the semantic equivalent to the blocking readChan in the other implementations.

An IO action that returns a particular enqueued element when and if it becomes available.

Each Element corresponds to a particular enqueued element, i.e. a returned Element always offers the only means to access one particular enqueued item. The value returned by tryRead moves monotonically from Nothing to Just a when and if an element becomes available, and is idempotent at that point.

So for instance:

   (in, out) <- newChan
   (el, _) <- tryReadChan out  -- READ FROM EMPTY CHAN
   writeChan in "msg1"
   writeChan in "msg2"
   readChan out        -- RETURNS "msg2"
   tryRead el          -- RETURNS "msg1" (which would otherwise be lost)

An action that returns False sometime after the chan no longer has any writers.

After False is returned, any tryRead which returns Nothing can be considered to be dead. Likewise for tryReadNext. Note that in the blocking implementations a BlockedIndefinitelyOnMVar exception is raised, so this function is unnecessary.

Write a value to the channel.

Write an entire list of items to a chan type. Writes here from multiple threads may be interleaved, and infinite lists are supported.

Duplicate a chan: the returned OutChan begins empty, but data written to the argument InChan from then on will be available from both the original OutChan and the one returned here, creating a kind of broadcast channel.

See also streamChan for a faster alternative that might be appropriate.

An infinite stream of elements. tryReadNext can be called any number of times from multiple threads, and returns a value which moves monotonically from Pending to Next if and when a head element becomes available. isActive can be used to determine if the stream has expired.

Produce the specified number of interleaved "streams" from a chan. Nextuming a Stream is much faster than calling tryReadChan, and might be useful when an MPSC queue is needed, or when multiple consumers should be load-balanced in a round-robin fashion.

Usage example:

  do mapM_ (writeChan i) [1..9]
     [str1, str2, str2] <- streamChan 3 o
     forkIO $ printStream str1   -- prints: 1,4,7
     forkIO $ printStream str2   -- prints: 2,5,8
     forkIO $ printStream str3   -- prints: 3,6,9
   where 
     printStream str = do
       h <- tryReadNext str
       case h of
         Next a str' -> print a >> printStream str'
         -- We know that all values were already written, so a Pending tells 
         -- us we can exit; in other cases we might call yield and then 
         -- retry that same tryReadNext str:
         Pending -> return ()

Be aware: if one stream consumer falls behind another (e.g. because it is slower) the number of elements in the queue which can't be GC'd will grow. You may want to do some coordination of Stream consumers to prevent this.