Processing Unicode Strings

A Char stream is the canonical representation to process Unicode strings. It can be processed efficiently using regular stream processing operations. A byte stream of Unicode text read from an IO device or from an Array in memory can be decoded into a Char stream using the decoding routines in this module. A String ([Char]) can be converted into a Char stream using fromList. An Array Char can be unfolded into a stream using the array read unfold.

Storing Unicode Strings

A stream of Char can be encoded into a byte stream using the encoding routines in this module and then written to IO devices or to arrays in memory.

If you have to store a Char stream in memory you can convert it into a String using toList fold. The String type can be more efficient than pinned arrays for short and short lived strings.

For longer or long lived streams you can fold the Char stream as Array Char using the array write fold. The Array type provides a more compact representation and pinned memory reducing GC overhead. If space efficiency is a concern you can use encodeUtf8' on the Char stream before writing it to an Array providing an even more compact representation.

String Literals

Stream Identity Char and Array Char are instances of IsString and IsList, therefore, OverloadedStrings and OverloadedLists extensions can be used for convenience when specifying unicode strings literals using these types.

Idioms

Some simple text processing operations can be represented simply as operations on Char streams. Follow the links for the following idioms:

• lines
• words
• unlines
• unwords

Pitfalls

• Case conversion: Some unicode characters translate to more than one code point on case conversion. The toUpper and toLower functions in base package do not handle such characters. Therefore, operations like map toUpper on a character stream or character array may not always perform correct conversion.
• String comparison: In some cases, visually identical strings may have different unicode representations, therefore, a character stream or character array cannot be directly compared. A normalized comparison may be needed to check string equivalence correctly.

Experimental APIs

Some experimental APIs to conveniently process text using the Array Char represenation directly can be found in Streamly.Internal.Unicode.Array.