A space-efficient representation of a succession of Word8 vectors, supporting many efficient operations.

An effectful ByteString contains 8-bit bytes, or by using the operations from Data.ByteString.Streaming.Char8 it can be interpreted as containing 8-bit characters.

O(1) The empty ByteString -- i.e. return () Note that ByteString m w is generally a monoid for monoidal values of w, like ()

O(n) Convert a stream of separate characters into a packed byte stream.

The unlines function restores line breaks between layers.

Note that this is not a perfect inverse of lines:

• lines . unlines can produce more strings than there were if some of the "lines" had embedded newlines.
• unlines . lines will replace \r\n with \n.

The unwords function is analogous to the unlines function, on words.

O(1) Yield a Char as a minimal ByteString

O(c) Convert a monadic stream of individual strict ByteString chunks into a byte stream.

O(c) Transmute a pseudo-pure lazy bytestring to its representation as a monadic stream of chunks.

>>> Q.putStrLn $ Q.fromLazy "hi"
hi
>>> Q.fromLazy "hi"
Chunk "hi" (Empty (()))  -- note: a 'show' instance works in the identity monad
>>> Q.fromLazy $ BL.fromChunks ["here", "are", "some", "chunks"]
Chunk "here" (Chunk "are" (Chunk "some" (Chunk "chunks" (Empty (())))))

O(1) yield a strict ByteString chunk.

O(c) Convert a byte stream into a stream of individual strict bytestrings. This of course exposes the internal chunk structure.

O(n) Convert an effectful byte stream into a single lazy ByteString with the same internal chunk structure, retaining the original return value.

This is the canonical way of breaking streaming (toStrict and the like are far more demonic). Essentially one is dividing the interleaved layers of effects and bytes into one immense layer of effects, followed by the memory of the succession of bytes.

Because one preserves the return value, toLazy is a suitable argument for mapped

  S.mapped Q.toLazy :: Stream (ByteString m) m r -> Stream (Of L.ByteString) m r

>>> Q.toLazy "hello"
"hello" :> ()
>>> S.toListM $ traverses Q.toLazy $ Q.lines "one\ntwo\nthree\nfour\nfive\n"
["one","two","three","four","five",""]  -- [L.ByteString]

O(n) Convert an effectful byte stream into a single lazy ByteString with the same internal chunk structure. See toLazy which preserve connectedness by keeping the return value of the effectful bytestring.

O(n) Convert a monadic byte stream into a single strict ByteString, retaining the return value of the original pair. This operation is for use with mapped.

mapped R.toStrict :: Monad m => Stream (ByteString m) m r -> Stream (Of ByteString) m r 

It is subject to all the objections one makes to Data.ByteString.Lazy toStrict; all of these are devastating.

O(n) Convert a byte stream into a single strict ByteString.

Note that this is an expensive operation that forces the whole monadic ByteString into memory and then copies all the data. If possible, try to avoid converting back and forth between streaming and strict bytestrings.

Perform the effects contained in an effectful bytestring, ignoring the bytes.

Make the information in a bytestring available to more than one eliminating fold, e.g.

>>> Q.count 'l' $ Q.count 'o' $ Q.copy $ "hello\nworld"
3 :> (2 :> ())

>>> Q.length $ Q.count 'l' $ Q.count 'o' $ Q.copy $ Q.copy "hello\nworld"
11 :> (3 :> (2 :> ()))

>>> runResourceT $ Q.writeFile "hello2.txt" $ Q.writeFile "hello1.txt" $ Q.copy $ "hello\nworld\n"
>>> :! cat hello2.txt
hello
world
>>> :! cat hello1.txt
hello
world

This sort of manipulation could as well be acheived by combining folds - using Control.Foldl for example. But any sort of manipulation can be involved in the fold. Here are a couple of trivial complications involving splitting by lines:

>>> let doubleLines = Q.unlines . maps (<* Q.chunk "\n" ) . Q.lines
>>> let emphasize = Q.unlines . maps (<* Q.chunk "!" ) . Q.lines
>>> runResourceT $ Q.writeFile "hello2.txt" $ emphasize $ Q.writeFile "hello1.txt" $ doubleLines $ Q.copy $ "hello\nworld"
>>> :! cat hello2.txt
hello!
world!
>>> :! cat hello1.txt
hello

world

As with the parallel operations in Streaming.Prelude, we have

Q.effects . Q.copy       = id
hoist Q.effects . Q.copy = id

The duplication does not by itself involve the copying of bytestring chunks; it just makes two references to each chunk as it arises. This does, however double the number of constructors associated with each chunk.

Perform the effects contained in the second in an effectful pair of bytestrings, ignoring the bytes. It would typically be used at the type

 ByteString m (ByteString m r) -> ByteString m r

Reconceive an effect that results in an effectful bytestring as an effectful bytestring. Compare Streaming.mwrap. The closes equivalent of

>>> Streaming.wrap :: f (Stream f m r) -> Stream f m r

is here consChunk. mwrap is the smart constructor for the internal Go constructor.

O(n) map f xs is the ByteString obtained by applying f to each element of xs.

O(n) The intercalate function takes a ByteString and a list of ByteStrings and concatenates the list after interspersing the first argument between each element of the list.

O(1) Cons a Char onto a byte stream.

O(1) Unlike cons, 'cons\'' is strict in the ByteString that we are consing onto. More precisely, it forces the head and the first chunk. It does this because, for space efficiency, it may coalesce the new byte onto the first 'chunk' rather than starting a new 'chunk'.

So that means you can't use a lazy recursive contruction like this:

let xs = cons\' c xs in xs

You can however use cons, as well as repeat and cycle, to build infinite lazy ByteStrings.

O(n/c) Append a byte to the end of a ByteString

O(n/c) Append two

O(n) filter, applied to a predicate and a ByteString, returns a ByteString containing those characters that satisfy the predicate.

O(1) Extract the first element of a ByteString, which may be non-empty

O(1) Extract the first element of a ByteString, which must be non-empty.

O(n/c) Extract the last element of a ByteString, which must be finite and non-empty.

Test whether a ByteString is empty, collecting its return value; -- to reach the return value, this operation must check the whole length of the string.

>>> Q.null "one\ntwo\three\nfour\nfive\n"
False :> ()
>>> Q.null ""
True :> ()
>>> S.print $ mapped R.null $ Q.lines "yours,\nMeredith"
False
False

O(1) Test whether an ByteString is empty. The value is of course in the monad of the effects.

>>> Q.null "one\ntwo\three\nfour\nfive\n"
False
>>> Q.null $ Q.take 0 Q.stdin
True
>>> :t Q.null $ Q.take 0 Q.stdin
Q.null $ Q.take 0 Q.stdin :: MonadIO m => m Bool

O1 Distinguish empty from non-empty lines, while maintaining streaming; the empty ByteStrings are on the right

>>> nulls  ::  ByteString m r -> m (Sum (ByteString m) (ByteString m) r)

There are many ways to remove null bytestrings from a Stream (ByteString m) m r (besides using denull). If we pass next to

>>> mapped nulls bs :: Stream (Sum (ByteString m) (ByteString m)) m r

then can then apply Streaming.separate to get

>>> separate (mapped nulls bs) :: Stream (ByteString m) (Stream (ByteString m) m) r

The inner monad is now made of the empty bytestrings; we act on this with hoist , considering that

>>> :t Q.effects . Q.concat
Q.effects . Q.concat
  :: Monad m => Stream (Q.ByteString m) m r -> m r

we have

>>> hoist (Q.effects . Q.concat) . separate . mapped Q.nulls
  :: Monad n =>  Stream (Q.ByteString n) n b -> Stream (Q.ByteString n) n b

O(1) Extract the head and tail of a ByteString, returning Nothing if it is empty.

break p is equivalent to span (not . p).

O(n/c) drop n xs returns the suffix of xs after the first n elements, or [] if n > length xs.

>>> Q.putStrLn $ Q.drop 6 "Wisconsin"
sin
>>> Q.putStrLn $ Q.drop 16 "Wisconsin"

>>> 

dropWhile p xs returns the suffix remaining after takeWhile p xs.

The group function takes a ByteString and returns a list of ByteStrings such that the concatenation of the result is equal to the argument. Moreover, each sublist in the result contains only equal elements. For example,

group "Mississippi" = ["M","i","ss","i","ss","i","pp","i"]

It is a special case of groupBy, which allows the programmer to supply their own equality test.

span p xs breaks the ByteString into two segments. It is equivalent to (takeWhile p xs, dropWhile p xs)

O(n/c) splitAt n xs is equivalent to (take n xs, drop n xs).

>>> rest <- Q.putStrLn $ Q.splitAt 3 "therapist is a danger to good hyphenation, as Knuth notes"
the
>>> Q.putStrLn $ Q.splitAt 19 rest
rapist is a danger 

O(n/c) take n, applied to a ByteString xs, returns the prefix of xs of length n, or xs itself if n > length xs.

Note that in the streaming context this drops the final return value; splitAt preserves this information, and is sometimes to be preferred.

>>> Q.putStrLn $ Q.take 8 $ "Is there a God?" >> return True
Is there
>>> Q.putStrLn $ "Is there a God?" >> return True
Is there a God?
True
>>> rest <- Q.putStrLn $ Q.splitAt 8 $ "Is there a God?" >> return True
Is there
>>> Q.effects  rest
True

takeWhile, applied to a predicate p and a ByteString xs, returns the longest prefix (possibly empty) of xs of elements that satisfy p.

O(n) Break a ByteString into pieces separated by the byte argument, consuming the delimiter. I.e.

split '\n' "a\nb\nd\ne" == ["a","b","d","e"]
split 'a'  "aXaXaXa"    == ["","X","X","X",""]
split 'x'  "x"          == ["",""]

and

intercalate [c] . split c == id
split == splitWith . (==)

As for all splitting functions in this library, this function does not copy the substrings, it just constructs new ByteStrings that are slices of the original.

>>> Q.stdout $ Q.unlines $ Q.split 'n' "banana peel"
ba
a
a peel

lines turns a ByteString into a connected stream of ByteStrings at divide at newline characters. The resulting strings do not contain newlines. This is the genuinely streaming lines which only breaks chunks, and thus never increases the use of memory.

Because ByteStrings are usually read in binary mode, with no line ending conversion, this function recognizes both \n and \r\n endings (regardless of the current platform).

words breaks a byte stream up into a succession of byte streams corresponding to words, breaking Chars representing white space. This is the genuinely streaming words. A function that returns individual strict bytestrings would concatenate even infinitely long words like cycle "y" in memory. It is best for the user who has reflected on her materials to write `mapped toStrict . words` or the like, if strict bytestrings are needed.

lineSplit turns a ByteString into a connected stream of ByteStrings at divide after a fixed number of newline characters. Unlike most of the string splitting functions in this library, this function preserves newlines characters.

Like lines, this function properly handles both \n and \r\n endings regardless of the current platform. It does not support \r or \n\r line endings.

>>> let planets = ["Mercury","Venus","Earth","Mars","Saturn","Jupiter","Neptune","Uranus"]
>>> S.mapsM_ (\x -> putStrLn "Chunk" >> Q.putStrLn x) $ Q.lineSplit 3 $ Q.string $ L.unlines planets
Chunk
Mercury
Venus
Earth

Chunk Mars Saturn Jupiter

Chunk Neptune Uranus

Since all characters originally present in the stream are preserved, this function satisfies the following law:

Ɐ n bs. concat (lineSplit n bs) ≅ bs

Remove empty ByteStrings from a stream of bytestrings.

O(n) Concatenate a stream of byte streams.

Take a builder and convert it to a genuine streaming bytestring, using a specific allocation strategy.

A simple construction of a builder from a ByteString.

>>> let aaa = "10000 is a number\n" :: Q.ByteString IO ()
>>> hPutBuilder  IO.stdout $ toBuilder  aaa
10000 is a number

repeat x is an infinite ByteString, with x the value of every element.

iterate f x returns an infinite ByteString of repeated applications of f to x:

cycle ties a finite ByteString into a circular one, or equivalently, the infinite repetition of the original ByteString. For an empty bytestring (like return 17) it of course makes an unproductive loop

>>> Q.putStrLn $ Q.take 7 $ Q.cycle  "y\n"
y
y
y
y

cycle ties a finite ByteString into a circular one, or equivalently, the infinite repetition of the original ByteString.

| O(n) The unfoldr function is analogous to the Stream 'unfoldr'. unfoldr builds a ByteString from a seed value. The function takes the element and returns Nothing if it is done producing the ByteString or returns Just (a,b), in which case, a is a prepending to the ByteString and b is used as the next element in a recursive call.

Stream chunks from something that contains IO (Maybe ByteString) until it returns Nothing. reread is of particular use rendering io-streams input streams as byte streams in the present sense

Q.reread Streams.read             :: InputStream S.ByteString -> Q.ByteString IO ()
Q.reread (liftIO . Streams.read)  :: MonadIO m => InputStream S.ByteString -> Q.ByteString m ()

The other direction here is

Streams.unfoldM Q.unconsChunk     :: Q.ByteString IO r -> IO (InputStream S.ByteString)

O(n/c) length returns the length of a byte stream as an Int together with the return value. This makes various maps possible

>>> Q.length "one\ntwo\three\nfour\nfive\n"
23 :> ()
>>> S.print $ S.take 3 $ mapped Q.length $ Q.lines "one\ntwo\three\nfour\nfive\n"
3
8
4

This will read positive or negative Ints that require 18 or fewer characters.

getContents. Equivalent to hGetContents stdin. Will read lazily

Pipes-style nomenclature for getContents

Pipes-style nomenclature for putStr

A synonym for hPut, for compatibility

hPutStr :: Handle -> ByteString IO r -> IO r hPutStr = hPut

• - | Write a ByteString to stdout putStr :: ByteString IO r -> IO r putStr = hPut IO.stdout

The interact function takes a function of type ByteString -> ByteString as its argument. The entire input from the standard input device is passed to this function as its argument, and the resulting string is output on the standard output device.

interact morph = stdout (morph stdin)

Read an entire file into a chunked ByteString IO (). The handle will be held open until EOF is encountered. The block governed by runResourceT will end with the closing of any handles opened.

>>> :! cat hello.txt
Hello world.
Goodbye world. 
>>> runResourceT $ Q.stdout $ Q.readFile "hello.txt"
Hello world.
Goodbye world. 

Write a ByteString to a file. Use runResourceT to ensure that the handle is closed.

>>> :set -XOverloadedStrings
>>> runResourceT $ Q.writeFile "hello.txt" "Hello world.\nGoodbye world.\n"
>>> :! cat "hello.txt"
Hello world.
Goodbye world.
>>> runResourceT $ Q.writeFile "hello2.txt" $ Q.readFile "hello.txt"
>>> :! cat hello2.txt
Hello world.
Goodbye world.

Append a ByteString to a file. Use runResourceT to ensure that the handle is closed.

>>> runResourceT $ Q.writeFile "hello.txt" "Hello world.\nGoodbye world.\n"
>>> runResourceT $ Q.stdout $ Q.readFile "hello.txt"
Hello world.
Goodbye world.
>>> runResourceT $ Q.appendFile "hello.txt" "sincerely yours,\nArthur\n"
>>> runResourceT $ Q.stdout $  Q.readFile "hello.txt"
Hello world.
Goodbye world.
sincerely yours,
Arthur

Pipes-style nomenclature for hGetContents

Pipes nomenclature for hPut

Read n bytes into a ByteString, directly from the specified Handle.

Read entire handle contents lazily into a ByteString. Chunks are read on demand, using the default chunk size.

Once EOF is encountered, the Handle is closed.

Note: the Handle should be placed in binary mode with hSetBinaryMode for hGetContents to work correctly.

Read entire handle contents lazily into a ByteString. Chunks are read on demand, in at most k-sized chunks. It does not block waiting for a whole k-sized chunk, so if less than k bytes are available then they will be returned immediately as a smaller chunk.

The handle is closed on EOF.

Note: the Handle should be placed in binary mode with hSetBinaryMode for hGetContentsN to work correctly.

Read n bytes into a ByteString, directly from the specified Handle, in chunks of size k.

hGetNonBlocking is similar to hGet, except that it will never block waiting for data to become available, instead it returns only whatever data is available. If there is no data available to be read, hGetNonBlocking returns empty.

Note: on Windows and with Haskell implementation other than GHC, this function does not work correctly; it behaves identically to hGet.

hGetNonBlockingN is similar to hGetContentsN, except that it will never block waiting for data to become available, instead it returns only whatever data is available. Chunks are read on demand, in k-sized chunks.

Outputs a ByteString to the specified Handle.

Yield-style smart constructor for Chunk.

Consume the chunks of an effectful ByteString with a natural right fold.

chunkFold is preferable to foldlChunks since it is an appropriate argument for Control.Foldl.purely which permits many folds and sinks to be run simulaneously on one bytestream.

chunkFoldM is preferable to foldlChunksM since it is an appropriate argument for Control.Foldl.impurely which permits many folds and sinks to be run simulaneously on one bytestream.

Given a byte stream on a transformed monad, make it possible to 'run' transformer.

Construct a succession of chunks from its Church encoding (compare GHC.Exts.build)

Resolve a succession of chunks into its Church encoding; this is not a safe operation; it is equivalent to exposing the constructors