Copyright | (c) The University of Glasgow 2001-2010 |
---|---|
License | BSD-style (see the file libraries/base/LICENSE) |
Maintainer | libraries@haskell.org |
Stability | experimental |
Portability | portable |
Safe Haskell | None |
Language | Haskell2010 |
- The strategy type
- Application of strategies
- Composition of strategies
- Basic strategies
- Injection of sequential strategies
- Strategies for traversable data types
- Strategies for lists
- Strategies for tuples
- Strategic function application
- For Strategy programmers
- API History
- Backwards compatibility
- For API completeness
Parallel Evaluation Strategies, or Strategies for short, provide ways to express parallel computations. Strategies have the following key features:
- Strategies express deterministic parallelism: the result of the program is unaffected by evaluating in parallel. The parallel tasks evaluated by a Strategy may have no side effects. For non-deterministic parallel programming, see Control.Concurrent.
- Strategies let you separate the description of the parallelism from the logic of your program, enabling modular parallelism. The basic idea is to build a lazy data structure representing the computation, and then write a Strategy that describes how to traverse the data structure and evaluate components of it sequentially or in parallel.
- Strategies are compositional: larger strategies can be built by gluing together smaller ones.
Monad
andApplicative
instances are provided, for quickly building strategies that involve traversing structures in a regular way.
For API history and changes in this release, see Control.Parallel.Strategies.
- type Strategy a = a -> Eval a
- using :: a -> Strategy a -> a
- withStrategy :: Strategy a -> a -> a
- dot :: Strategy a -> Strategy a -> Strategy a
- r0 :: Strategy a
- rseq :: Strategy a
- rdeepseq :: NFData a => Strategy a
- rpar :: Strategy a
- rparWith :: Strategy a -> Strategy a
- evalSeq :: SeqStrategy a -> Strategy a
- type SeqStrategy a = Strategy a
- evalTraversable :: Traversable t => Strategy a -> Strategy (t a)
- parTraversable :: Traversable t => Strategy a -> Strategy (t a)
- evalList :: Strategy a -> Strategy [a]
- parList :: Strategy a -> Strategy [a]
- evalListN :: Int -> Strategy a -> Strategy [a]
- parListN :: Int -> Strategy a -> Strategy [a]
- evalListNth :: Int -> Strategy a -> Strategy [a]
- parListNth :: Int -> Strategy a -> Strategy [a]
- evalListSplitAt :: Int -> Strategy [a] -> Strategy [a] -> Strategy [a]
- parListSplitAt :: Int -> Strategy [a] -> Strategy [a] -> Strategy [a]
- parListChunk :: Int -> Strategy a -> Strategy [a]
- parMap :: Strategy b -> (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
- evalBuffer :: Int -> Strategy a -> Strategy [a]
- parBuffer :: Int -> Strategy a -> Strategy [a]
- evalTuple2 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy (a, b)
- evalTuple3 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy (a, b, c)
- evalTuple4 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy (a, b, c, d)
- evalTuple5 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e)
- evalTuple6 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy f -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e, f)
- evalTuple7 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy f -> Strategy g -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e, f, g)
- evalTuple8 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy f -> Strategy g -> Strategy h -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h)
- evalTuple9 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy f -> Strategy g -> Strategy h -> Strategy i -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i)
- parTuple2 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy (a, b)
- parTuple3 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy (a, b, c)
- parTuple4 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy (a, b, c, d)
- parTuple5 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e)
- parTuple6 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy f -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e, f)
- parTuple7 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy f -> Strategy g -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e, f, g)
- parTuple8 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy f -> Strategy g -> Strategy h -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h)
- parTuple9 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy f -> Strategy g -> Strategy h -> Strategy i -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i)
- ($|) :: (a -> b) -> Strategy a -> a -> b
- ($||) :: (a -> b) -> Strategy a -> a -> b
- (.|) :: (b -> c) -> Strategy b -> (a -> b) -> a -> c
- (.||) :: (b -> c) -> Strategy b -> (a -> b) -> a -> c
- (-|) :: (a -> b) -> Strategy b -> (b -> c) -> a -> c
- (-||) :: (a -> b) -> Strategy b -> (b -> c) -> a -> c
- data Eval a
- runEval :: Eval a -> a
- type Done = ()
- demanding :: a -> Done -> a
- sparking :: a -> Done -> a
- (>|) :: Done -> Done -> Done
- (>||) :: Done -> Done -> Done
- rwhnf :: Strategy a
- unEval :: Eval a -> a
- seqTraverse :: Traversable t => Strategy a -> Strategy (t a)
- parTraverse :: Traversable t => Strategy a -> Strategy (t a)
- seqList :: Strategy a -> Strategy [a]
- seqPair :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy (a, b)
- parPair :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy (a, b)
- seqTriple :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy (a, b, c)
- parTriple :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy (a, b, c)
- class NFData a
The strategy type
type Strategy a = a -> Eval a Source
A Strategy
is a function that embodies a parallel evaluation strategy.
The function traverses (parts of) its argument, evaluating subexpressions
in parallel or in sequence.
A Strategy
may do an arbitrary amount of evaluation of its
argument, but should not return a value different from the one it
was passed.
Parallel computations may be discarded by the runtime system if the
program no longer requires their result, which is why a Strategy
function returns a new value equivalent to the old value. The
intention is that the program applies the Strategy
to a
structure, and then uses the returned value, discarding the old
value. This idiom is expressed by the using
function.
Application of strategies
using :: a -> Strategy a -> a infixl 0 Source
Evaluate a value using the given Strategy
.
x `using` s = runEval (s x)
withStrategy :: Strategy a -> a -> a Source
Composition of strategies
dot :: Strategy a -> Strategy a -> Strategy a infixr 9 Source
Compose two strategies sequentially. This is the analogue to function composition on strategies.
strat2 `dot` strat1 == strat2 . withStrategy strat1
Basic strategies
rseq
evaluates its argument to weak head normal form.
rseq == evalSeq Control.Seq.rseq
rdeepseq :: NFData a => Strategy a Source
rdeepseq
fully evaluates its argument.
rdeepseq == evalSeq Control.Seq.rdeepseq
Injection of sequential strategies
evalSeq :: SeqStrategy a -> Strategy a Source
type SeqStrategy a = Strategy a Source
A name for Control.Seq.Strategy
, for documentation only.
Strategies for traversable data types
evalTraversable :: Traversable t => Strategy a -> Strategy (t a) Source
Evaluate the elements of a traversable data structure according to the given strategy.
parTraversable :: Traversable t => Strategy a -> Strategy (t a) Source
Like evalTraversable
but evaluates all elements in parallel.
Strategies for lists
evalList :: Strategy a -> Strategy [a] Source
Evaluate each element of a list according to the given strategy.
Equivalent to evalTraversable
at the list type.
parList :: Strategy a -> Strategy [a] Source
Evaluate each element of a list in parallel according to given strategy.
Equivalent to parTraversable
at the list type.
evalListN :: Int -> Strategy a -> Strategy [a] Source
Evaluate the first n elements of a list according to the given strategy.
parListN :: Int -> Strategy a -> Strategy [a] Source
Like evalListN
but evaluates the first n elements in parallel.
evalListNth :: Int -> Strategy a -> Strategy [a] Source
Evaluate the nth element of a list (if there is such) according to the given strategy. The spine of the list up to the nth element is evaluated as a side effect.
parListNth :: Int -> Strategy a -> Strategy [a] Source
Like evalListN
but evaluates the nth element in parallel.
evalListSplitAt :: Int -> Strategy [a] -> Strategy [a] -> Strategy [a] Source
evaluates the prefix
(of length evaListSplitAt
n stratPref stratSuffn
) of a list according to stratPref
and its the suffix
according to stratSuff
.
parListSplitAt :: Int -> Strategy [a] -> Strategy [a] -> Strategy [a] Source
Like evalListSplitAt
but evaluates both sublists in parallel.
parListChunk :: Int -> Strategy a -> Strategy [a] Source
Divides a list into chunks, and applies the strategy
to each chunk in parallel.evalList
strat
It is expected that this function will be replaced by a more generic clustering infrastructure in the future.
If the chunk size is 1 or less, parListChunk
is equivalent to
parList
Strategies for lazy lists
evalBuffer :: Int -> Strategy a -> Strategy [a] Source
evalBuffer
is a rolling buffer strategy combinator for (lazy) lists.
evalBuffer
is not as compositional as the type suggests. In fact,
it evaluates list elements at least to weak head normal form,
disregarding a strategy argument r0
.
evalBuffer n r0 == evalBuffer n rseq
parBuffer :: Int -> Strategy a -> Strategy [a] Source
Like evalBuffer
but evaluates the list elements in parallel when
pushing them into the buffer.
Strategies for tuples
Evaluate the components of a tuple according to the given strategies.
evalTuple2 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy (a, b) Source
evalTuple5 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e) Source
evalTuple6 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy f -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e, f) Source
evalTuple7 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy f -> Strategy g -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) Source
evalTuple8 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy f -> Strategy g -> Strategy h -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) Source
evalTuple9 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy f -> Strategy g -> Strategy h -> Strategy i -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) Source
Evaluate the components of a tuple in parallel according to the given strategies.
parTuple5 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e) Source
parTuple6 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy f -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e, f) Source
parTuple7 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy f -> Strategy g -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) Source
parTuple8 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy f -> Strategy g -> Strategy h -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) Source
parTuple9 :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy d -> Strategy e -> Strategy f -> Strategy g -> Strategy h -> Strategy i -> Strategy (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) Source
Strategic function application
($|) :: (a -> b) -> Strategy a -> a -> b Source
Sequential function application. The argument is evaluated using the given strategy before it is given to the function.
($||) :: (a -> b) -> Strategy a -> a -> b Source
Parallel function application. The argument is evaluated using the given strategy, in parallel with the function application.
(.|) :: (b -> c) -> Strategy b -> (a -> b) -> a -> c Source
Sequential function composition. The result of the second function is evaluated using the given strategy, and then given to the first function.
(.||) :: (b -> c) -> Strategy b -> (a -> b) -> a -> c Source
Parallel function composition. The result of the second function is evaluated using the given strategy, in parallel with the application of the first function.
(-|) :: (a -> b) -> Strategy b -> (b -> c) -> a -> c Source
Sequential inverse function composition, for those who read their programs from left to right. The result of the first function is evaluated using the given strategy, and then given to the second function.
(-||) :: (a -> b) -> Strategy b -> (b -> c) -> a -> c Source
Parallel inverse function composition, for those who read their programs from left to right. The result of the first function is evaluated using the given strategy, in parallel with the application of the second function.
For Strategy programmers
Eval
is a Monad that makes it easier to define parallel
strategies. It is a strict identity monad: that is, in
m >>= f
m
is evaluated before the result is passed to f
.
instance Monad Eval where return = Done m >>= k = case m of Done x -> k x
If you wanted to construct a Strategy
for a pair that sparked the
first component in parallel and then evaluated the second
component, you could write
myStrat :: Strategy (a,b) myStrat (a,b) = do { a' <- rpar a; b' <- rseq b; return (a',b') }
Alternatively, you could write this more compactly using the Applicative style as
myStrat (a,b) = (,) <$> rpar a <*> rseq b
API History
The strategies library has a long history. What follows is a summary of how the current design evolved, and is mostly of interest to those who are familiar with an older version, or need to adapt old code to use the newer API.
Version 1.x
The original Strategies design is described in Algorithm + Strategy = Parallelism http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/~dsg/gph/papers/html/Strategies/strategies.html and the code was written by Phil Trinder, Hans-Wolfgang Loidl, Kevin Hammond et al.
Version 2.x
Later, during work on the shared-memory implementation of parallelism in GHC, we discovered that the original formulation of Strategies had some problems, in particular it lead to space leaks and difficulties expressing speculative parallelism. Details are in the paper Runtime Support for Multicore Haskell http://community.haskell.org/~simonmar/papers/multicore-ghc.pdf.
This module has been rewritten in version 2. The main change is to
the 'Strategy a' type synonym, which was previously a -> Done
and
is now a -> Eval a
. This change helps to fix the space leak described
in "Runtime Support for Multicore Haskell". The problem is that
the runtime will currently retain the memory referenced by all
sparks, until they are evaluated. Hence, we must arrange to
evaluate all the sparks eventually, just in case they aren't
evaluated in parallel, so that they don't cause a space leak. This
is why we must return a "new" value after applying a Strategy
,
so that the application can evaluate each spark created by the
Strategy
.
The simple rule is this: you must use the result of applying
a Strategy
if the strategy creates parallel sparks, and you
should probably discard the the original value. If you don't
do this, currently it may result in a space leak. In the
future (GHC 6.14), it will probably result in lost parallelism
instead, as we plan to change GHC so that unreferenced sparks
are discarded rather than retained (we can't make this change
until most code is switched over to this new version of
Strategies, because code using the old verison of Strategies
would be broken by the change in policy).
The other changes in version 2.x are:
- Strategies can now be defined using a convenient Monad/Applicative
type,
Eval
. e.g.parList s = traverse (Par . (`
using
` s)) parList
has been generalised toparTraverse
, which works on anyTraversable
type, and similarlyseqList
has been generalised toseqTraverse
parList
andparBuffer
have versions specialised torwhnf
, and there are transformation rules that automatically translate e.g.parList rwnhf
into a call to the optimised version.NFData
has been moved toControl.DeepSeq
in thedeepseq
package. Note that since theStrategy
type changed,rnf
is no longer aStrategy
: userdeepseq
instead.
Version 2.1 moved NFData into a separate package, deepseq
.
Version 2.2 changed the type of Strategy to a -> Eval a
, and
re-introduced the r0
strategy which was missing in version 2.1.
Version 2.3 simplified the Eval
type, so that Eval
is now just
the strict identity monad. This change and various other
improvements and refactorings are thanks to Patrick Maier who
noticed that Eval
didn't satisfy the monad laws, and that a
simpler version would fix that problem.
(version 2.3 was not released on Hackage).
Version 3 introduced a major overhaul of the API, to match what is presented in the paper
Seq no More: Better Strategies for Parallel Haskell http://community.haskell.org/~simonmar/papers/strategies.pdf
The major differenes in the API are:
- The addition of Sequential strategies (Control.Seq) as a composable means for specifying sequential evaluation.
- Changes to the naming scheme:
rwhnf
renamed torseq
,seqList
renamed toevalList
,seqPair
renamed toevalTuple2
,
The naming scheme is now as follows:
- Basic polymorphic strategies (of type
) are calledStrategy
ar...
. Examples:r0
,rseq
,rpar
,rdeepseq
. - A strategy combinator for a particular type constructor
or constructor class
T
is calledevalT...
,parT...
orseqT...
. - The
seqT...
combinators (residing in module Control.Seq) yield sequential strategies. Thus,seqT...
combinators cannot spark, nor can the sequential strategies to which they may be applied. Examples:seqTuple2
,seqListN
,seqFoldable
. - The
evalT...
combinators do not spark themselves, yet they may be applied to strategies that do spark. (They may also be applied to non-sparking strategies; however, in that case the correspondingseqT...
combinator might be a better choice.) Examples:evalTuple2
,evalListN
,evalTraversable
. - The
parT...
combinators, which are derived from theirevalT...
counterparts, do spark. They may be applied to all strategies, whether sparking or not. Examples:parTuple2
,parListN
,parTraversable
. - An exception to the type driven naming scheme are
evalBuffer
andparBuffer
, which are not named after their type constructor (lists) but after their function (rolling buffer of fixed size).
Backwards compatibility
These functions and types are all deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. In all cases they have been either renamed or replaced with equivalent functionality.
Deprecated: The Strategy type is now a -> Eval a, not a -> Done
DEPRECCATED: replaced by the Eval
monad
seqTraverse :: Traversable t => Strategy a -> Strategy (t a) Source
Deprecated: renamed to evalTraversable
DEPRECATED: renamed to evalTraversable
parTraverse :: Traversable t => Strategy a -> Strategy (t a) Source
Deprecated: renamed to parTraversable
DEPRECATED: renamed to parTraversable
seqList :: Strategy a -> Strategy [a] Source
Deprecated: renamed to evalList
DEPRECATED: renamed to evalList
seqPair :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy (a, b) Source
Deprecated: renamed to evalTuple2
DEPRECATED: renamed to evalTuple2
parPair :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy (a, b) Source
Deprecated: renamed to parTuple2
DEPRECATED: renamed to parTuple2
seqTriple :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy (a, b, c) Source
Deprecated: renamed to evalTuple3
DEPRECATED: renamed to evalTuple3
parTriple :: Strategy a -> Strategy b -> Strategy c -> Strategy (a, b, c) Source
Deprecated: renamed to parTuple3
DEPRECATED: renamed to parTuple3
For API completeness
so users of rdeepseq
aren't required to import Control.DeepSeq:
class NFData a
A class of types that can be fully evaluated.
Since: 1.1.0.0
NFData Bool | |
NFData Char | |
NFData Double | |
NFData Float | |
NFData Int | |
NFData Int8 | |
NFData Int16 | |
NFData Int32 | |
NFData Int64 | |
NFData Integer | |
NFData Word | |
NFData Word8 | |
NFData Word16 | |
NFData Word32 | |
NFData Word64 | |
NFData TypeRep | NOTE: Only defined for Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData () | |
NFData Void | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData Unique | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData Natural | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData Version | Since: 1.3.0.0 |
NFData ThreadId | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CChar | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CSChar | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CUChar | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CShort | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CUShort | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CInt | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CUInt | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CLong | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CULong | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CLLong | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CULLong | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CFloat | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CDouble | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CPtrdiff | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CSize | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CWchar | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CSigAtomic | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CClock | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CTime | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CUSeconds | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CSUSeconds | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CFile | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CFpos | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CJmpBuf | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CIntPtr | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CUIntPtr | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CIntMax | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CUIntMax | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData All | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData Any | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData TyCon | NOTE: Only defined for Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData Fingerprint | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData a => NFData [a] | |
(Integral a, NFData a) => NFData (Ratio a) | |
NFData (StableName a) | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Identity a) | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData (Fixed a) | Since: 1.3.0.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Complex a) | |
NFData a => NFData (ZipList a) | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Dual a) | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Sum a) | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Product a) | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData a => NFData (First a) | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Last a) | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Down a) | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Maybe a) | |
NFData (a -> b) | This instance is for convenience and consistency with Since: 1.3.0.0 |
(NFData a, NFData b) => NFData (Either a b) | |
(NFData a, NFData b) => NFData (a, b) | |
(Ix a, NFData a, NFData b) => NFData (Array a b) | |
NFData a => NFData (Const a b) | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData (Proxy * a) | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
(NFData k, NFData a) => NFData (Map k a) | |
(NFData a, NFData b, NFData c) => NFData (a, b, c) | |
(NFData a, NFData b, NFData c, NFData d) => NFData (a, b, c, d) | |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5) => NFData (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5) | |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5, NFData a6) => NFData (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6) | |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5, NFData a6, NFData a7) => NFData (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7) | |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5, NFData a6, NFData a7, NFData a8) => NFData (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8) | |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5, NFData a6, NFData a7, NFData a8, NFData a9) => NFData (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8, a9) |