Does a property hold up to a number of test values?

holds 1000 $ \xs -> length (sort xs) == length xs

Does a property fail for a number of test values?

fails 1000 $ \xs -> xs ++ ys == ys ++ xs

There exists an assignment of values that satisfies a property up to a number of test values?

exists 1000 $ \x -> x > 10

Boolean implication operator. Useful for defining conditional properties:

prop_something x y = condition x y ==> something x y

Up to a number of tests to a property, returns Just the first counter-example or Nothing if there is none.

counterExample 100 $ \xs -> [] `union` xs == (xs::[Int])
-- > Just ["[0,0]"]

Lists all counter-examples for a number of tests to a property,

Up to a number of tests to a property, returns Just the first witness or Nothing if there is none.

Lists all witnesses up to a number of tests to a property,

Checks a property printing results on stdout

> check $ \xs -> sort (sort xs) == sort (xs::[Int])
+++ OK, passed 200 tests.
> check $ \xs ys -> xs `union` ys == ys `union` (xs::[Int])
*** Failed! Falsifiable (after 4 tests):
[] [0,0]

Check a property for a given number of tests printing results on stdout

Check a property printing results on stdout and returning True on success.

There is no option to silence this function: for silence, you should use holds.

Check a property for a given number of tests printing results on stdout and returning True on success.

There is no option to silence this function: for silence, you should use holds.

A type is Listable when there exists a function that is able to list (ideally all of) its values.

Ideally, instances should be defined by a tiers function that returns a (potentially infinite) list of finite sub-lists (tiers): the first sub-list contains elements of size 0, the second sub-list contains elements of size 1 and so on. Size here is defined by the implementor of the type-class instance.

For algebraic data types, the general form for tiers is

tiers = cons<N> ConstructorA
     \/ cons<N> ConstructorB
     \/ ...
     \/ cons<N> ConstructorZ

where N is the number of arguments of each constructor A...Z.

Instances can be alternatively defined by list. In this case, each sub-list in tiers is a singleton list (each succeeding element of list has +1 size).

The function deriveListable from Test.LeanCheck.Derive can automatically derive instances of this typeclass.

A Listable instance for functions is also available but is not exported by default. Import Test.LeanCheck.Function if you need to test higher-order properties.

Given a constructor with no arguments, returns tiers of all possible applications of this constructor. Since in this case there is only one possible application (to no arguments), only a single value, of size/weight 0, will be present in the resulting list of tiers.

Given a constructor with one Listable argument, return tiers of applications of this constructor. By default, returned values will have size/weight of 1.

Given a constructor with two Listable arguments, return tiers of applications of this constructor. By default, returned values will have size/weight of 1.

Returns tiers of applications of a 3-argument constructor.

Returns tiers of applications of a 4-argument constructor.

Returns tiers of applications of a 5-argument constructor.

Test.LeanCheck.Basic defines cons6 up to cons12. Those are exported by default from Test.LeanCheck, but are hidden from the Haddock documentation.

Delays the enumeration of tiers. Conceptually this function adds to the weight of a constructor. Typically used when defining Listable instances:

delay (cons<N> <Constr>)

Resets any delays in a list-of tiers. Conceptually this function makes a constructor "weightless", assuring the first tier is non-empty. Typically used when defining Listable instances:

reset (cons<N> <Constr>)

Be careful: do not apply reset to recursive data structure constructors. In general this will make the list of size 0 infinite, breaking the tiers invariant (each tier must be finite).

Resets the weight of a constructor (or tiers) Typically used as an infix constructor when defining Listable instances:

cons<N> `ofWeight` <W>

Be careful: do not apply ofWeight 0 to recursive data structure constructors. In general this will make the list of size 0 infinite, breaking the tier invariant (each tier must be finite).

ofWeight is closely related to reset.

Adds to the weight of tiers of a constructor

addWeight is closely related to delay.

Tiers of values that follow a property

cons<N> `suchThat` condition

Append tiers --- sum of two tiers enumerations.

[xs,ys,zs,...] \/ [as,bs,cs,...] = [xs++as,ys++bs,zs++cs,...]

Interleave tiers --- sum of two tiers enumerations. When in doubt, use \/ instead.

[xs,ys,zs,...] \/ [as,bs,cs,...] = [xs+|as,ys+|bs,zs+|cs,...]

Take a tiered product of lists of tiers.

[t0,t1,t2,...] >< [u0,u1,u2,...] =
[ t0**u0
, t0**u1 ++ t1**u0
, t0**u2 ++ t1**u1 ++ t2**u0
, ...       ...       ...       ...
]
where xs ** ys = [(x,y) | x <- xs, y <- ys]

Example:

[[0],[1],[2],...] >< [[0],[1],[2],...]
== [  [(0,0)]
   ,  [(1,0),(0,1)]
   ,  [(2,0),(1,1),(0,2)]
   ,  [(3,0),(2,1),(1,2),(0,3)]
   ...
   ]

Take a tiered product of lists of tiers. productWith can be defined by ><, as:

productWith f xss yss = map (uncurry f) $ xss >< yss

map over tiers

filter tiers

concat tiers of tiers

concatMap over tiers

Delete the first occurence of an element in a tier.

For normalized lists-of-tiers without repetitions, the following holds:

deleteT x = normalizeT . (`suchThat` (/= x))

Normalizes tiers by removing up to 12 empty tiers from the end of a list of tiers.

normalizeT [xs0,xs1,...,xsN,[]]     =  [xs0,xs1,...,xsN]
normalizeT [xs0,xs1,...,xsN,[],[]]  =  [xs0,xs1,...,xsN]

The arbitrary limit of 12 tiers is necessary as this function would loop if there is an infinite trail of empty tiers.

Takes a list of values xs and transform it into tiers on which each tier is occupied by a single element from xs.

To convert back to a list, just concat.

Derives a Listable instance for a given type Name.

Consider the following Stack datatype:

data Stack a = Stack a (Stack a) | Empty

Writing

deriveListable ''Stack

will automatically derive the following Listable instance:

instance Listable a => Listable (Stack a) where
  tiers = cons2 Stack \/ cons0 Empty

Warning: if the values in your type need to follow a data invariant, the derived instance won't respect it. Use this only on "free" datatypes.

Needs the TemplateHaskell extension.

Derives a Listable instance for a given type Name cascading derivation of type arguments as well.

Consider the following series of datatypes:

data Position = CEO | Manager | Programmer

data Person = Person
            { name :: String
            , age :: Int
            , position :: Position
            }

data Company = Company
             { name :: String
             , employees :: [Person]
             }

Writing

deriveListableCascading ''Company

will automatically derive the following three Listable instances:

instance Listable Position where
  tiers = cons0 CEO \/ cons0 Manager \/ cons0 Programmer

instance Listable Person where
  tiers = cons3 Person

instance Listable Company where
  tiers = cons2 Company

Given a constructor that takes a set of elements (as a list), lists tiers of applications of this constructor.

A naive Listable instance for the Set (of Data.Set) would read:

instance Listable a => Listable (Set a) where
  tiers = cons0 empty \/ cons2 insert

The above instance has a problem: it generates repeated sets. A more efficient implementation that does not repeat sets is given by:

  tiers = setCons fromList

Alternatively, you can use setsOf direclty.

Given a constructor that takes a bag of elements (as a list), lists tiers of applications of this constructor.

For example, a Bag represented as a list.

bagCons Bag

Given a constructor that takes a list with no duplicate elements, return tiers of applications of this constructor.

Given a constructor that takes a map of elements (encoded as a list), lists tiers of applications of this constructor

So long as the underlying Listable enumerations have no repetitions, this will generate no repetitions.

This allows defining an efficient implementation of tiers that does not repeat maps given by:

  tiers = mapCons fromList

Like productWith, but over 3 lists of tiers.

Take the product of lists of tiers by a function returning a Maybe value discarding Nothing values.

Takes as argument tiers of element values; returns tiers of lists of elements.

listsOf [[]] == [[[]]]

listsOf [[x]] == [ [[]]
                 , [[x]]
                 , [[x,x]]
                 , [[x,x,x]]
                 , ...
                 ]

listsOf [[x],[y]] == [ [[]]
                     , [[x]]
                     , [[x,x],[y]]
                     , [[x,x,x],[x,y],[y,x]]
                     , ...
                     ]

Takes as argument tiers of element values; returns tiers of size-ordered lists of elements without repetition.

setsOf [[0],[1],[2],...] =
  [ [[]]
  , [[0]]
  , [[1]]
  , [[0,1],[2]]
  , [[0,2],[3]]
  , [[0,3],[1,2],[4]]
  , [[0,1,2],[0,4],[1,3],[5]]
  , ...
  ]

Can be used in the constructor of specialized Listable instances. For Set (from Data.Set), we would have:

instance Listable a => Listable (Set a) where
  tiers = mapT fromList $ setsOf tiers

Takes as argument tiers of element values; returns tiers of size-ordered lists of elements possibly with repetition.

bagsOf [[0],[1],[2],...] =
  [ [[]]
  , [[0]]
  , [[0,0],[1]]
  , [[0,0,0],[0,1],[2]]
  , [[0,0,0,0],[0,0,1],[0,2],[1,1],[3]]
  , [[0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,1],[0,0,2],[0,1,1],[0,3],[1,2],[4]]
  , ...
  ]

Takes as argument tiers of element values; returns tiers of lists with no repeated elements.

noDupListsOf [[0],[1],[2],...] ==
  [ [[]]
  , [[0]]
  , [[1]]
  , [[0,1],[1,0],[2]]
  , [[0,2],[2,0],[3]]
  , ...
  ]

Takes the product of N lists of tiers, producing lists of length N.

Alternatively, takes as argument a list of lists of tiers of elements; returns lists combining elements of each list of tiers.

products [xss] = mapT (:[]) xss
products [xss,yss] = mapT (\(x,y) -> [x,y]) (xss >< yss)
products [xss,yss,zss] = product3With (\x y z -> [x,y,z]) xss yss zss

Takes as argument an integer length and tiers of element values; returns tiers of lists of element values of the given length.

listsOfLength 3 [[0],[1],[2],[3],[4]...] =
  [ [[0,0,0]]
  , [[0,0,1],[0,1,0],[1,0,0]]
  , [[0,0,2],[0,1,1],[0,2,0],[1,0,1],[1,1,0],[2,0,0]]
  , ...
  ]

Tiers of Fractional values. This can be used as the implementation of tiers for Fractional types.

Tiers of Integral values. Can be used as a default implementation of list for Integral types.

Lazily interleaves two lists, switching between elements of the two. Union/sum of the elements in the lists.

[x,y,z] +| [a,b,c] == [x,a,y,b,z,c]

Testable values are functions of Listable arguments that return boolean values, e.g.:

•  Bool

•  Listable a => a -> Bool

•  Listable a => a -> a -> Bool

•  Int -> Bool

•  String -> [Int] -> Bool

List all results of a Testable property. Each result is a pair of a list of strings and a boolean. The list of strings is a printable representation of one possible choice of argument values for the property. Each boolean paired with such a list indicates whether the property holds for this choice. The outer list is potentially infinite and lazily evaluated.