We could encode one of the numeric data fields as a strip plot where the horizontal position of a tick mark is determined by the value of the data item. In this case I am going to pick the "plx" column:

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

toVegaLite
    [ dataFromUrl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DougBurke/hvega/master/hvega/data/gaia-aa-616-a10-table1a.no-header.tsv" [TSV]
    , mark Tick []
    , encoding (position X [ PName "plx", PmType Quantitative ] [])
    ]

Notice how there is no explicit definition of the axis details, color choice or size. These can be customised, as shown in examples below, but the default values are designed to follow good practice in visualization design.

Three grammar elements are represented by the three functions dataFromUrl, mark, and encoding.

The encoding function takes as a single parameter, a list of specifications that are themselves generated by other functions. In this case we use the function position to provide an encoding of the "plx" field as the x-position in our plot. The precise way in which the data value (parallax) is mapped to the x-position will depend on the type of data we are encoding. We can provide a hint by delcaring the measurement type of the data field, here Quantitative indicating a numeric measurement type. The final parameter of position is a list of any additional encodings in our specification. Here, with only one encoding, we provide an empty list.

As we build up more complex visualizations we will use many more encodings. To keep the coding clear, the idiomatic way to do this with hvega is to chain encoding functions using point-free style. The example above coded in this way would be

let enc = encoding
            . position X [ PName "plx", PmType Quantitative ]

in toVegaLite
    [ dataFromUrl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DougBurke/hvega/master/hvega/data/gaia-aa-616-a10-table1a.no-header.tsv" [TSV]
    , mark Tick []
    , enc []
    ]

The configure function allows a large number of configuration options to be configured, each one introduced by the configuration function. Here I set the color to be a light gray (actually a very-transparent black; the Color type describes the various supported color specifications, but it is generally safe to assume that if you can use it in HTML then you can use it here).

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let enc = encoding
            . position X [ PName "plx", PmType Quantitative ]

    conf = configure
             . configuration (BackgroundStyle "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1)")

in toVegaLite
    [ dataFromUrl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DougBurke/hvega/master/hvega/data/gaia-aa-616-a10-table1a.no-header.tsv" [TSV]
    , mark Tick []
    , enc []
    , conf []
    ]

If you want a transparent background (as was the default with Vega-Lite 3 and earlier), you would use

configuration (BackgroundStyle "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)")

There is nothing that forces us to use the x axis, so let's try a vertical strip plot. To do so requires changing only one character in the specifiction, that is the first argument to position is now Y rather than X:

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let enc = encoding
            . position Y [ PName "plx", PmType Quantitative ]

in toVegaLite
    [ dataFromUrl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DougBurke/hvega/master/hvega/data/gaia-aa-616-a10-table1a.no-header.tsv" [TSV]
    , mark Tick []
    , enc []
    ]

Since we are going to be using the same data source, let's define it here:

gaiaData =
  let addFormat n = (n, FoNumber)
      cols = [ "RA_ICRS", "DE_ICRS", "Gmag", "plx", "e_plx" ]
      opts = [ Parse (map addFormat cols) ]

  in dataFromUrl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DougBurke/hvega/master/hvega/data/gaia-aa-616-a10-table1a.no-header.tsv" opts

The list argument to dataFromUrl allows for some customisation of the input data. Previously I used [TSV] to specify the data is in tab-separated format, but it isn't actually needed here (since the file name ends in ".tsv"). However, I have now explicitly defined how to parse the numeric columns using Parse: this is because the columns are read in as strings for this file by default, which actually doesn't cause any problems in most cases, but did cause me significant problems at one point during the development of the tutorial! There is limited to no feedback from the visualizer for cases like this (perhaps I should have used the Javascript console), and I only realised the problem thanks to the Data Viewer tab in the Vega Editor (after a suggestion from a colleague).

Data can also be defined algorithmically - using dataSequence and dataSequenceAs - or inline - with dataFromColumns or dataFromRows - or directly from JSON (as a Value) using dataFromJson.

An example showing dataFromColumns is the skyPlotWithGraticules plot, but let's not peak ahead!

One question would be how the parallaxes vary by cluster: as parallax is measuring distance, then are the clusters similar distances away from us, or is there a range of values? A first look is to use another "channel" to represent (i.e. encode) the cluster:

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let enc = encoding
            . position X [ PName "plx", PmType Quantitative, PAxis [ AxTitle "Parallax (mas)" ] ]
            . color [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal ]

in toVegaLite
    [ gaiaData
    , mark Tick []
    , enc []
    ]

Now each tick mark is colored by the cluster, and a legend is automatically added to indicate this mapping. Fortunately the number of clusters in the sample is small enough to make this readable! The color function has added this mapping, just by giving the column to use (with MName) and its type (MmType). The constructors generally begin with P for position and M for mark, and as we'll see there are other property types such as facet and text.

Vega-Lite supports several data types, represented by the Measurement type. We have already seen Quantitative, which is used for numeric data, and here we use Nominal for the clusters, since they have no obvious ordering.

The labelling for the X axis has been tweaked using PAxis, in this case the default value for the label (the column name) has been over-ridden by an explicit value.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let enc = encoding
            . position X [ PName "plx", PmType Quantitative, PAxis [ AxTitle "Parallax (mas)" ] ]
            . color [ MName "Cluster", MmType Ordinal ]

in toVegaLite
    [ gaiaData
    , mark Tick []
    , enc []
    ]

As can be seen, the choice of color scale has changed to one more appropriate for an ordered set of values.

The stripPlotWithColor visualization can be changed to show two variables just by adding a second position declaration, which shows that the 7 milli-arcsecond range is rather crowded:

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let enc = encoding
            . position X [ PName "plx", PmType Quantitative, PAxis [ AxTitle "Parallax (mas)" ] ]
            . position Y [ PName "Cluster", PmType Nominal ]
            . color [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal ]

in toVegaLite
    [ gaiaData
    , mark Tick []
    , enc []
    ]

I have left the color-encoding in, as it makes it easier to compare to stripPlotWithColor, even though it replicates the information provided by the position of the mark on the Y axis. The yHistogram example below shows how the legend can be removed from a visualization.

Since sensible (hopefully) defaults are provided for unspecified settings, it is relatively easy to write generic representations of a particular visualization. The following function expands upon the previous specifications by:

• taking a field name, rather than hard coding it;
• the use of PBin [] to ask for the x-axis values to be binned;
• the addition of a second axis (Y) which is used for the aggregated value (Count, which means that no column has to be specified with PName);
• and the change from Tick to Bar for the mark.

Note that we did not have to specify how we wanted the histogram calculation to proceed - e.g. the number of bins, the bin widths, or edges - although we could have added this, by using a non-empty list of BinProperty values with PBin, if the defaults are not sufficient.

simpleHistogram :: T.Text -> VegaLite
simpleHistogram field =
  let enc = encoding
              . position X [ PName field, PmType Quantitative, PBin [] ]
              . position Y [ PAggregate Count, PmType Quantitative ]

  in toVegaLite
       [ gaiaData
       , mark Bar []
       , enc []
       ]

With simpleHistogram it becomes easy to get a histogram of the parallax values:

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

parallaxHistogram = simpleHistogram "plx"

We can see that although parallaxes around 20 to 25 milli-arcseconds dominated the earlier visualizations, such as stripPlotWithColor, most of the stars have a much-smalled parallax, with values in the range 5 to 10.

A different column (or field) of the input data can be viewed, just by changing the name in the specification:

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

gmagHistogram = simpleHistogram "Gmag"

Here we can see that the number of stars with a given magnitude rises up until a value of around 18, and then drops off.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let enc = encoding
            . position X [ PName "plx", PmType Quantitative, PBin [], PAxis [ AxTitle "Parallax (mas)" ] ]
            . position Y [ PAggregate Count, PmType Quantitative, PScale [ SType ScLog ] ]

in toVegaLite
   [ gaiaData
   , mark Bar [ MFill "orange", MStroke "gray" ]
   , enc []
   , height 300
   , title "Gaia Parallaxes" []
   ]

There are four new changes to the visualization created by simpleHistogram (since PAxis has been used above):

1. an explicit choice of scaling for the Y channel (using PScale);
2. the fill (MFill) and edge (MStroke) colors of the histogram bars are different;
3. the height of the overall visualization has been increased;
4. and a title has been added.

If you view this in the Vega Editor you will see the following warning:

A log scale is used to encode bar's y. This can be misleading as the height of the bar can be arbitrary based on the scale domain. You may want to use point mark instead.

A color encoding can also be added. When used with the Tick mark - stripPlotWithColor - the result was that each tick mark was colored by the "Cluster" field, but for the Bar mark the result is that the bars are stacked together. I have also taken the opportunity to widen the plot (width); define the binning scheme used, with Step 1; and configure the location of the x axis tick marks, using AxValues.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let enc = encoding
            . position X [ PName "Gmag", PmType Quantitative, binning, axis ]
            . position Y [ PAggregate Count, PmType Quantitative ]
            . color [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal ]

    binning = PBin [ Step 1 ]
    axis = PAxis [ AxValues (Numbers [ 0, 5 .. 20 ]) ]

in toVegaLite
   [ gaiaData
   , mark Bar []
   , enc []
   , height 300
   , width 400
   ]

Note that hvega will allow you to combine a color encoding with a ScLog scale, even though a Vega-Lite viewer will not display the resulting Vega-Lite specification, saying

Cannot stack non-linear scale (log)

Notice how we never needed to state explicitly that we wished our bars to be stacked. This was reasoned directly by Vega-Lite based on the combination of bar marks and color channel encoding. If we were to change just the mark function from Bar to Line, Vega-Lite produces an unstacked series of lines, which makes sense because unlike bars, lines do not occlude one another to the same extent.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let enc = encoding
            . position X [ PName "Gmag", PmType Quantitative, binning, axis ]
            . position Y [ PAggregate Count, PmType Quantitative ]
            . color [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal ]

    binning = PBin [ Step 1 ]
    axis = PAxis [ AxValues (Numbers [ 0, 5 .. 20 ]) ]

in toVegaLite
   [ gaiaData
   , mark Line []
   , enc []
   , height 300
   , width 400
   ]

The aim for this visualization is to show the spread in the Gmag field for each cluster, so we now swap the axis on which the aggregate is being applied (so that the cluster names appear on the y axis), and hide the legend that is applied (using MLegend []) since we can read off the color mapping from the y axis.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let enc = encoding
            . position X [ PName "Gmag", PmType Quantitative, PAggregate Stdev ]
            . position Y [ PName "Cluster", PmType Nominal ]
            . color [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal, MLegend [] ]

in toVegaLite
   [ gaiaData
   , mark Bar [ MOpacity 0.6 ]
   , enc []
   ]

The bar opacity is reduced slightly with 'MOpacity 0.6' so that the x-axis grid lines are visible. An alternative would be to change the AxZIndex value for the X encoding so that it is drawn on top of the bars.

Aggregation can happen in the position channel - as we've seen with the PAggregate option - or as a transform, where we create new data to replace or augment the existing data. In the following example I use the aggregate transform to calculate the number of rows in the original dataset per cluster with the Count operation. This effectively replaces the data, and creates a new one with the fields "Cluster" and "count".

The other two major new items in this visualization are that the X axis has been ordered to match the Y axis (using ByChannel and PSort in the position encoding), and I have specified my own SVG definition for the symbols with SymPath and MShape.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let trans = transform
            . aggregate [ opAs Count "" "count" ]
                        [ "Cluster" ]

    enc = encoding
          . position X [ PName "Cluster"
                       , PmType Nominal
                       , PSort [ ByChannel ChY ]
                       ]
          . position Y [ PName "count"
                       , PmType Quantitative
                       , PAxis [ AxTitle "Number of stars" ]
                       ]

    star = SymPath "M 0,-1 L 0.23,-0.23 L 1,-0.23 L 0.38,0.21 L 0.62,0.94 L 0,0.49 L -0.62,0.94 L -0.38,0.21 L -1,-0.23 L -0.23,-0.23 L 0,-1 z"

in toVegaLite [ gaiaData
              , trans []
              , enc []
              , mark Point [ MShape star
                           , MStroke "black"
                           , MStrokeWidth 1
                           , MFill "yellow"
                           , MSize 100
                           ]
              ]

Notes:

• the star design is based on a Wikipedia design, after some hacking and downsizing (such as losing the cute eyes);
• when using Count with opAs, the first FieldName argument is ignored, so I set it to the empty string "" (it's be great if the API were such we didn't have to write dummy arguments, but at present hvega doesn't provide this level of safety);
• although the order of operations of transform is important, here I only have one (the aggregate call);
• and the order of the arguments to toVegaLite does not matter (so you can have the transform appear before encoding or after it).

I've shown that the number of stars per cluster increases when ordered by increasing count of the number of stars per cluster, which is perhaps not the most informative visualization. How about if I ask if there's a correlation between number of stars and distance to the cluster (under the assumption that objects further away can be harder to detect, so there might be some form of correlation)?

To do this, I tweak starCount so that we also calculate the parallax to each cluster in the transform - in this case taking the median value of the distribution thanks to the Median operation - and then using this new field to order the X axis with ByFieldOp. Since parallax is inversely correlated with distance we use the Descending option to ensure the clusters are drawn from near to far. We can see that there is no obvious relation with distance.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let trans = transform
            . aggregate [ opAs Count "" "count"
                        , opAs Median "plx" "plx_med"
                        ]
                        [ "Cluster" ]

    enc = encoding
          . position X [ PName "Cluster"
                       , PSort [ ByFieldOp "plx_med" Max
                               , Descending
                               ]
                       ]
          . position Y [ PName "count"
                       , PmType Quantitative
                       , PAxis [ AxTitle "Number of stars" ]
                       ]

    star = SymPath "M 0,-1 L 0.23,-0.23 L 1,-0.23 L 0.38,0.21 L 0.62,0.94 L 0,0.49 L -0.62,0.94 L -0.38,0.21 L -1,-0.23 L -0.23,-0.23 L 0,-1 z"

in toVegaLite [ gaiaData
              , trans []
              , enc []
              , mark Point [ MShape star
                           , MStroke "black"
                           , MStrokeWidth 1
                           , MFill "yellow"
                           , MSize 100
                           ]
              ]

Notes:

• I find the "Data Viewer" section of the Vega Editor rather useful when creating new data columns or structures, as you can actually see what has been created (I find Firefox works much better than Chrome here);
• the use of ByFieldOp here is a bit un-settling, as you need to give it an aggregation-style operation to apply to the data field, but in this case we have already done this with opAs (so I pick Max as we just need something that copies the value over).

We revisit this data in layeredCount.

Vega-Lite supports a number of data transformations, including several "pre-canned" transformations, such as a kernel-density estimator, which I will use here to look for structure in the parallax distribution. The earlier use of a fixed-bin histogram - parallaxHistogram and ylogHistogram - showed a peak around 5 to 10 milli-arcseconds, and a secondary one around 20 to 25 milli-arcseconds, but can we infer anything more from the data?

I have already shown that the transform function works in a similar manner to encoding, in that it is applied to one or more transformations. In this example I use the density transform - which is new to Vega Lite 4 - to "smooth" the data without having to pre-judge the data (although there are options to configure the density estimation). The transform creates new fields - called "value" and "density" by default - which can then be displayed as any other field. In this case I switch from Bar or Line to use the Area encoding, which fills in the area from the value down to the axis.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let trans = transform
            . density "plx" []

    enc = encoding
          . position X [ PName "value"
                       , PmType Quantitative
                       , PAxis [ AxTitle "parallax" ]
                       ]
          . position Y [ PName "density", PmType Quantitative ]

in toVegaLite
     [ gaiaData
     , mark Area [ MOpacity 0.7
                 , MStroke "black"
                 , MStrokeDash [ 2, 4 ]
                 , ]
     , trans []
     , enc []
     ]

The parallax distribution shows multiple peaks within the 5 to 10 milli-arcsecond range, and separate peaks at 12 and 22 milli-arcseconds.

The properties of the area mark are set here to add a black, dashed line around the edge of the area. The DashStyle configures the pattern by giving the lengths, in pixels, of the "on" and "off" segments, so here the gaps are twice the length of the line segments. This was done more to show that it can be done, rather than because it aids this particular visualization!

The density estimation can be configured using DensityProperty. Here we explicitly label the new fields to create (rather than use the defaults), and ensure the calculation is done per cluster. This means that the data range for each cluster is used to perform the KDE, which in this case is useful (as it ensures the highest fidelity), but there are times when you may wish to ensure a consistent scale for the evaluation (in which case you'd use the DnExtent option, as well as possibly DnSteps, to define the grid). The final change is to switch from density estimation to counts for the dependent axis.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let trans = transform
            . density "plx" [ DnAs "xkde" "ykde"
                            , DnGroupBy [ "Cluster" ]
                            , DnCounts True
                            ]

    enc = encoding
          . position X [ PName "xkde"
                       , PmType Quantitative
                       , PAxis [ AxTitle "Parallax" ]
                       ]
          . position Y [ PName "ykde"
                       , PmType Quantitative
                       , PAxis [ AxTitle "Counts" ]
                       ]
          . color [ MName "Cluster"
                  , MmType Nominal
                  ]

in toVegaLite
     [ gaiaData
     , mark Area [ MOpacity 0.7 ]
     , trans []
     , enc []
     ]

Note how the clusters separate out in pretty cleanly, but - as also shown in the pointPlot visualization below - it is pretty busy around 7 milli arcseconds.

The counts here (the Y axis) are significantly larger than seen than the actual count of stars, shown in starCount. It appears that the DnCounts True option is interpreted as multiplying the density values by the number of values in a group, which means that there is a bin-width effect. This is explored further in the compareCounts plot below.

Here I use the Point mark to display the individual Gmag, plx pairs, encoding by both color and 'shape. Since the encoding uses the same field of the data (the Cluster name), Vega-Lite is smart enough to only display one legend, which contains the point shape and color used for each cluster.

Since the parallax values are bunched together at low values, a logarithmic scale (ScLog) is used for the y axis, along with commands to define the actual axis domain - by turning off the IsNice support and listing the minimum and maximum values for the axis with SDomain.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let enc = encoding
                    . position X [ PName "Gmag", PmType Quantitative ]
                    . position Y [ PName "plx", PmType Quantitative, PScale scaleOpts ]
                    . color cluster
                    . shape cluster

    scaleOpts = [ SType ScLog, SDomain (DNumbers [3.5, 32]), SNice (IsNice False) ]
    cluster = [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal ]
, 
in toVegaLite [ gaiaData
              , mark Point []
              , enc []
              , width 400
              , height 400
              ]

We can see that each cluster appears to have a separate parallax value (something we have seen in earlier plots, such as parallaxBreakdown), and that it doesn't really vary with Gmag. What this is telling us is that for these star clusters, the distance to each member star is similar, and that they are generally at different distances from us. However, it's a bit hard to tell exactly what is going on around 5 to 6 milli arcseconds, as the clusters overlap here.

This line of thinking leads us nicely to map making, but before we try some cartography, I wanted to briefly provide some context for these plots. The parallax of a star is a measure of its distance from us, but it is an inverse relationship, so that nearer stars have a larger parallax than those further from us. The Gmag column measures the apparent brightness of the star, with the G part indicating what part of the spectrum is used (for Gaia, the G band is pretty broad, covering much of the visible spectrum), and the mag part is because optical Astronomy tends to use

• the logarithm of the measured flux
• and then subtract this from a constant

so that larger values mean fainter sources. These are also apparent magnitues, so that they measure the flux of the star as measured at Earth, rather than its intrinsic luminosity (often defined as an object's absolute magnitude).

We can see that the further the cluster is from us - that is, as we move down this graph to smaller parallax values - then the smallest stellar magnitude we can see in a cluster tends to increase, but that there are stars up to the maximum value (20) in each cluster. This information can be used to look at the distribution of absolute magnitudes of stars in a cluster, which tells us about its evolutionary state - such as is it newly formed or old - amongst other things. However, this is straying far from the aim of this tutorial, so lets get back to plotting things.

The following specification should only contain one new feature - other than sneakily switching from Point to Circle type for the mark - and that is displaying the x axis (namely Right Ascension) in reverse (using PSort [ Descending ]. This is needed because Right Ascension is measured from right to left. I like to explain it by talking about oranges, and how we are at the center of an orange looking out at its skin, and so have the direction reversed to if you were outside, looking in. This may be why I don't get invited to too many parties. You can see that we also have one cluster that straddles the 0 and 360 degrees Right Ascension meridian, which will lead to some fun later (clusterCenters).

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let enc = encoding
            . position X (axOpts "RA_ICRS" "Right Ascension (deg)" ++ [ raScale, PSort [ Descending ] ])
            . position Y (axOpts "DE_ICRS" "Declination (deg)" ++ [ decScale ])
            . color [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal ]

    axOpts field lbl = [ PName field, PmType Quantitative, PAxis [ AxTitle lbl ]]

    scaleOpts minVal maxVal = [ SDomain (DNumbers [ minVal, maxVal ]), SNice (IsNice False) ]
    raScale = PScale (scaleOpts 0 360)
    decScale = PScale (scaleOpts (-90) 90)

in toVegaLite [ gaiaData
              , mark Circle []
              , enc []
              , width 400
              , height 300
              ]

We can see that these clusters are indeed localised on the sky, with Hyades looking like it covers the largest area. However, we should be careful and not forget either Grover's hard work or Father Ted's explanation to Father Dougal, since these clusters are different distances from us, which makes size a tricky thing to measure from this plot.

There is also the fact that I have used possibly the worst way of displaying the Right Ascension and Declination data. Although the night sky is not the same as the Earth's surface, the issues when trying to display the Globe on a flat surface also apply to displaying up the sky. For this plot the distortions near the pole are huge, although fortunately we don't have any clusters too close to either pole.

Vega-Lite supports a large number of projections - via the ConfigurationProperty type - which we use below to create a similar visualization to posPlot. Here I use the Longitude and Latitude channels, along with a Mercator projection, to display the data.

The trick in this case is that longitude runs from -180 to 180 degrees, but the data has Right Ascension going from 0 to 360 degrees. Here we take advantage of Vega Lite's data transformation capabilities and create a new column - which I call longitude - and is defined as "Right Ascension - 360" when the Right Ascension is greater than 180, otherwise it is just set to the Right Ascension value. The "expression" support is essentially a sub-set of Javascript, and the datum object refers to the current row. The new data column can then be used with the Longitude channel. Thankfully the Latitude channel can use the Declination values without any conversion.

As can be seen, this flips the orientation compared to posPlot, and makes the center of the plot have a longiture (or Right Ascension), of 0 degrees.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let trans = transform
                . calculateAs
                  "datum.RA_ICRS > 180 ? datum.RA_ICRS - 360 : datum.RA_ICRS"
                  "longitude"

    axOpts field = [ PName field, PmType Quantitative ]

    enc = encoding
            . position Longitude (axOpts "longitude")
            . position Latitude (axOpts "DE_ICRS")
            . color [ MName "plx"
                    , MmType Quantitative
                    , MScale [ SType ScLog
                             , SScheme "viridis" []
                             ]
                    , MLegend [ LTitle "parallax" ]
                    ]
            . tooltip [ TName "Cluster", TmType Nominal ]

in toVegaLite [ width 400
              , height 350
              , projection [ PrType Mercator ]
              , gaiaData
              , trans []
              , enc []
              , mark Circle []
              ]

The other major change made to posPlot is that the stars are now color-encoded by the log of their parallax value rather than cluster membership, and the color scheme has been changed to use the "viridis" color scale. The LTitle option is set for the legend (on the color channel) rather than use the default (which in this case would be "plx").

Since parallax is a numeric value, with ordering (i.e. Quantitative), the legend has changed from a list of symbols to a gradient bar. To account for this lost of information, I have added a tooltip encoding so that when the pointer is moved over a star its cluster name will be displayed. This is, unfortunately, only visible in the interactive version of the visualization.

Note that the tooltip behavior changed in Vega Lite 4 (or in the code used to display the visualizations around this time), since prior to this tooltips were on by default. Now tooltips have to be explicitly enabled (with tooltip or tooltips).

From this visualization we can see that the apparent size of the cluster (if we approximate each cluster as a circle, then we can think of the radius of the circle as a measure of size) depends on parallax, with larger sizes having larger parallaxes. This is because the distance to a star is inversely-dependent on its parallax, so larger parallaxes mean the star is closer to us. However, there is no reason that the intrinsic size - that is its actual radius - of each cluster is the same. We can see that although the Hyades and Pleiades clusters overlap on the sky, they have significantly-different parallaxes (as can be seen in pointPlot for example), with Hyades being the closer of the two.

It is possible to add graticules - with the aptly-named graticule function - but this requires the use of layers, which we haven't covered yet. If you are impatient you can jump right to skyPlotWithGraticules!

If you want to see how to "create your own projection", see skyPlotAitoff, which uses the Aitoff projection (which is unfortunately not available to Vega-Lite directly).

Our first choropleth is based on the Choropleth example from the Vega-Lite Example Gallery.

The key elements are:

• Using the TopojsonFeature feature for the data source (thanks to usGeoData).
• Choosing the correct "feature" name in the geographic data, here "counties" in the argument to our usGeoData helper function.
• Performing a Vega-Lite lookup to join the data to be plotted (the unemployment rate) to the geographic data. In this case, the column name in the unemployment data - "id" given as the first argument to lookup - is the same as the column name in the geographic data, the third argument to lookup. Those can be different.
• Specifying a projection, that is a mapping from (longitude, latitude) to (x,y) coordinates. Since we are looking at data for the main-land United States of America we use AlbersUsa (rather than looking at the whole globe, as we did in earlier visualizations), which lets us view the continental USA as well as Alaska and Hawaii.
• Using the Geoshape mark.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let unemploymentData = dataFromUrl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vega/vega/master/docs/data/unemployment.tsv" []

in toVegaLite
   [ usGeoData "counties"
   , transform
     . lookup "id" unemploymentData "id" (LuFields ["rate"])
     $ []
   , projection [PrType AlbersUsa]
   , encoding
     . color [ MName "rate", MmType Quantitative, MScale [ SScheme "purpleorange" [] ] ]
     $ []
   , mark Geoshape []
   , width 500
   , height 300
   , background "azure"
   ]

So, we have seen how to join data between two datasets - thanks to lookup - and display the unemployment rate (from one data source) on a map (defined from another data source).

I have chosen a diverging color scheme for the rate, mainly just because I can, but also because I wanted to see how the areas with high rates were clustered. I've also shown how the background function can be used (it is simpler than the configuration approach used earlier in stripPlotWithBackground).

Our next choropleth - choroplethLookupFromGeo - will show how we can join multiple fields across data sources, but this requires understanding how Vega-Lite handles multiple views, which is fortunately next in our tutorial.

Our first attempt is with the column function, which tells Vega-Lite to create a plot for each Cluster field (and introduces us to the F family of FacetChannel constructors).

The legend has been turned off with MLegend [], since it doesn't add anything to this visulization (as the individual plots, labelled by the cluster name, provide the same information).

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let enc = encoding
            . position X [ PName "Gmag", PmType Quantitative, PBin [] ]
            . position Y yAxis
            . color [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal, MLegend [] ]
            . column [ FName "Cluster", FmType Nominal ]

    yAxis = [ PAggregate Count
            , PmType Quantitative
            , PAxis [ AxTitle "Number of Stars" ]
            ]

in toVegaLite
     [ gaiaData
     , mark Bar []
     , enc []
     ]

Since we have nine clusters in the sample, the overall visualization is too wide, unless you have a very-large monitor. Can we do better?

The number of columns used in small-multiple can be defined using the columns function. However, this requires us to:

• move the facet definition out from the encoding and into the top-level, with the facetFlow function;
• and define the plot as a separate specification, and apply it with specification and asSpec.

The actual syntactic changes to smallMultiples are actually fairly minor:

let enc = encoding
            . position X [ PName "Gmag", PmType Quantitative, PBin [] ]
            . position Y yAxis
            . color [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal, MLegend [] ]

    yAxis = [ PAggregate Count
            , PmType Quantitative
            , PAxis [ AxTitle "Number of Stars" ]
            ]

in toVegaLite
     [ gaiaData
     , columns 4
     , facetFlow [ FName "Cluster", FmType Nominal ]
     , specification (asSpec [ mark Bar [], enc [] ])
     ]

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

Note that Vega Lite does support a "facet" field in its encodings, but hvega follows Elm VegaLite and requires you to use this wrapped facet approach.

I chose 4 columns rather than 3 here to show how "empty" plots are encoded. You can see how a 3-column version looks in the next plot, densityMultiples.

Earlier - in densityParallaxGrouped - I used the Kernel-Density Estimation support in Vega Lite 4 to show smoothed parallax distributions, grouped by cluster. We can combine this with the facetFlow approach to generate a plot per cluster of the parallax distribution. I have used DnExtent to ensure that the density estimation is done on the same grid for each cluster.

The most important thing in this example is that I have used a sensible number of columns (ending up in a three by three grid)! The other significant changes to smallMultiples2 is that I have used the FHeader option to control how the facet headers are displayed: the title (which in this case was "Cluster") has been hidden, and the per-plot labels made larger, but moved down so that they lie within each plot. I am not 100% convinced this is an intended use of HLabelPadding, but it seems to work!

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let trans = transform
            . density "plx" [ DnAs "xkde" "ykde"
                            , DnGroupBy [ "Cluster" ]
                            , DnExtent 0 30
                            ]

    enc = encoding
          . position X [ PName "xkde"
                       , PmType Quantitative
                       , PAxis [ AxTitle "Parallax" ]
                       ]
          . position Y [ PName "ykde"
                       , PmType Quantitative
                       , PAxis [ AxTitle "Density" ]
                       ]
          . color [ MName "Cluster"
                  , MmType Nominal
                  , MLegend []
                  ]

    headerOpts = [ HLabelFontSize 16
                 , HLabelAlign AlignRight
                 , HLabelAnchor AEnd
                 , HLabelPadding (-24)
                 , HNoTitle
                 ]

    spec = asSpec [ enc []
                  , trans []
                  , mark Area [ ]
                  ]

in toVegaLite
     [ gaiaData
     , columns 3
     , facetFlow [ FName "Cluster"
                 , FmType Nominal
                 , FHeader headerOpts
                 ]
     , specification spec
     ]

We start with a "basic" plot for the dataset: the median value of the parallax of the stars in each cluster.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let plx = position Y [ PName "plx", PmType Quantitative, PAggregate Median ]
    cluster = position X [ PName "Cluster", PmType Nominal ]
    enc = encoding . cluster . plx

in toVegaLite
      [ gaiaData
      , mark Bar []
      , enc []
      ]

We start our exploration by combining two visualizations, layering one on top of the other. The base plot shows the same data as basePlot, and then on top we will show a horizontal line that indicates the median parallax for all the stars in the sample.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let plx = position Y [ PName "plx", PmType Quantitative, PAggregate Median ]
    cluster = position X [ PName "Cluster", PmType Nominal ]

    perCluster = [ mark Bar [], encoding (cluster []) ]
    allClusters = [ mark Rule [] ]

in toVegaLite
      [ gaiaData
      , encoding (plx [])
      , layer (map asSpec [perCluster, allClusters])
      ]

For this visualization, the specification starts with the data source and an encoding, but only for the y axis (which means that all layered plots use the same encoding for the axis). The layer function introduces the different visualizations that will be combined, each as there own "specification" (hence the need to apply asSpec to both perCluster and allClusters). Note that there is no x-axis encoding for the Rule, since the data applies to all clusters (i.e. it should span the whole visualization).

This example is similar to layeredPlot but includes an x-axis encoding for the second layer. We use this to show the range of the data - so the minimum to maximum parallax range of each cluster - with the Rule type. The difference to the previous plot is that an extra positional encoding is added (Y2) to define the end point of each line (Y is used as the start point).

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let plx op = position Y [ PName "plx", PmType Quantitative, PAggregate op ]
    cluster = position X [ PName "Cluster", PmType Nominal ]

    median = [ mark Circle [ MSize 20 ]
             , encoding (plx Median [])
             ]
    range = [ mark Rule [ ]
            , encoding
                . plx Min
                . position Y2 [ PName "plx", PAggregate Max ]
                $ []
            ]

in toVegaLite
      [ gaiaData
      , encoding (cluster [])
      , layer (map asSpec [ median, range ])
      , width 300
      , height 300
      ]

The MSize option is used to change the size of the circles so that they do not drown out the lines (the size value indicates the area of the mark, and so for circles the radius is proportional to the square root of this size value; in practical terms I adjusted the value until I got something that looked sensible).

Note that the y axis is automatically labelled with the different operation types that were applied - median, minimum, and maximum - although there is no indication of what marks map to these operations.

In this example (adapted from an example provided by Jo Wood) I display the same data as in starCount, but as two layers: the first is a histogram (using the Bar mark), and the second displays the count value as a label with the Text mark.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let trans = transform
            . aggregate [ opAs Count "" "count" ]
                        [ "Cluster" ]

    chanSort = [ ByChannel ChY, Descending ]

    baseEnc = encoding
              . position X [ PName "Cluster"
                           , PmType Nominal
                           , PSort chanSort
                           , PAxis []
                           ]
              . position Y [ PName "count"
                           , PmType Quantitative
                           , PAxis []
                           ]

    barEnc = baseEnc
             . color [ MName "Cluster"
                     , MmType Nominal
                     , MLegend [ LStrokeColor "gray"
                               , LPadding 10
                               ]
                     , MSort chanSort
                     ]

    labelEnc = baseEnc
               . text [ TName "count", TmType Quantitative ]

    barSpec = asSpec [ barEnc [], mark Bar [] ]
    labelSpec = asSpec [ labelEnc [], mark Text [ MdY (-6) ] ]

    cfg = configure
          . configuration (ViewStyle [ViewNoStroke])

in toVegaLite [ width 300
              , height 250
              , cfg []
              , gaiaData
              , title "Number of stars per cluster" [ TFontSize 18 ]
              , trans []
              , layer [ barSpec, labelSpec ]
              ]

Both axes have been dropped from this visualization since the cluster name can be found from the legend and the count is included in the plot. The same sort order is used for the X axis and the color mapping, so that its easy to compare (the first item in the legend is the cluster with the most counts). Note that this changes the color mapping (cluster to color) compared to previous plots such as parallaxBreakdown.

As promised earlier (in skyPlot), now that we have layers, we can add graticules to a projection. In this case I create two graticule layers, the "base" layer (grats), which creates the grey lines that cover the map - using a spacing of 60 degrees (4 hours) for longitude and 15 degrees for latitude - and then an extra layer (grats0), which shows blue lines at longitude seprations of 180 degrees and latitude spacings of 90 degrees. In this case the central horizontal and vertical lines represent 0 degrees, and the one at the left shows -180 degrees. There are no latitude lines for -90 or +90 since the default is to stop at ±85 degrees (see GrExtent for a way to change this).

I added the second graticule layer to see if I could get by without labels for the grid lines, but decided this did not work out too well, so ended with two layers, one each for the Right Ascension and Declination values, using dataFromColumns to manually create the label positions and label content to display with the Text mark.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let trans = transform
                . calculateAs
                  "datum.RA_ICRS > 180 ? datum.RA_ICRS - 360 : datum.RA_ICRS"
                  "longitude"

    axOpts field = [ PName field, PmType Quantitative ]

    enc = encoding
            . position Longitude (axOpts "longitude")
            . position Latitude (axOpts "DE_ICRS")
            . color [ MName "plx"
                    , MmType Quantitative
                    , MScale [ SType ScLog
                             , SScheme "viridis" []
                             ]
                    , MLegend [ LTitle "parallax" ]
                    ]
            . tooltip [ TName "Cluster", TmType Nominal ]

    stars = asSpec [ gaiaData, trans [], enc [], mark Circle [] ]
    grats = asSpec [ graticule [ GrStep (60, 15) ]
                   , mark Geoshape [ MStroke "grey"
                                   , MStrokeOpacity 0.5
                                   , MStrokeWidth 0.5
                                   ]
                   ]
    grats0 = asSpec [ graticule [ GrStep (180, 90)
                                ]
                    , mark Geoshape [ ]
                    ]

    raData = dataFromColumns []
                 . dataColumn "x" (Numbers [ -120, -60, 60, 120 ])
                 . dataColumn "y" (Numbers [ 0, 0, 0, 0 ])
                 . dataColumn "lbl" (Strings [ "16h", "20h", "4h", "8h" ])

    decData = dataFromColumns []
                 . dataColumn "x" (Numbers [ 0, 0 ])
                 . dataColumn "y" (Numbers [ -45, 45 ])
                 . dataColumn "lbl" (Strings [ "-45", "45" ])

    encLabels = encoding
                . position Longitude (axOpts "x")
                . position Latitude (axOpts "y")
                . text [ TName "lbl", TmType Nominal ]

    raLabels = asSpec [ raData []
                      , encLabels []
                      , mark Text [ MAlign AlignCenter
                                  , MBaseline AlignTop
                                  , MdY 5
                                  ]
                      ]
    decLabels = asSpec [ decData []
                       , encLabels []
                       , mark Text [ MAlign AlignRight
                                   , MBaseline AlignMiddle
                                   , MdX (-5)
                                   ]
                      ]

in toVegaLite [ width 400
              , height 350
              , projection [ PrType Mercator ]
              , layer [ grats, grats0, stars, raLabels, decLabels ]
              ]

The layers are drawn in the order they are specified, which is why the grid lines are drawn under the data (and labels).

You can see the distortion in this particular projection (the Mercator projection), as the spacing between the latitude lines increases as you move towards the bottom and top of the plot. There are a number of other projections you can chose from, such as the Orthographic projection I use in concatenatedSkyPlot.

Instead of layering one view on top of another (superposition), we can place them side by side in a row or column (juxtaposition). In Vega-Lite this is referred to as concatenation:

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let enc field = encoding
                 . position X [ PName "Cluster", PmType Nominal ]
                 . position Y [ PName field, PmType Quantitative, PAggregate Median ]

    parallaxes = [ mark Bar [], enc "plx" [] ]
    magnitudes = [ mark Bar [], enc "Gmag" [] ]

    specs = map asSpec [ parallaxes, magnitudes ]

in toVegaLite
      [ gaiaData
      , vConcat specs
      ]

The hConcat function would align the two plots horizontally, rather than vertically (and is used in concatenatedSkyPlot).

Note that as the axes are identical apart from the field for the y axis, the encoding has been moved into a function to enforce this constraint (this ensures the x axis is the same, which makes it easier to visually compare the two plots). However, there is no requirement that the two plots be "compatible" (they could use different data sources).

The alignment of the plots can be adjusted with spacing, which we use here to remove the vertical gap between the two plots (the example is written so that we can see the only difference between the two plot specifications is the addition of PAxis [] to the parallax plot).

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let enc field flag = encoding
                       . position X ([ PName "Cluster", PmType Nominal ] ++
                                     if flag then [ PAxis [] ] else [])
                       . position Y [ PName field, PmType Quantitative, PAggregate Median ]

    parallaxes = [ mark Bar [], enc "plx" True [] ]
    magnitudes = [ mark Bar [], enc "Gmag" False [] ]

    specs = map asSpec [ parallaxes, magnitudes ]

in toVegaLite
      [ gaiaData
      , spacing 0
      , vConcat specs
      ]

Even though we set spacing to 0 there is still a small gap between the plots: this can be removed by using bounds Flush, but we'll leave using that until the grand finale.

In skyPlotWithGraticules I used the Mercator projection to display the stars on the sky, but promised I would also show you data using the Orthographic projection.

The main specification (that is, the argument of toVegaLite) starts with a change to the plot defaults, using configure to ensure that no border is drawn around the plot (note that in combinedPlot I do the same thing, but by setting the stroke color to Just "transparent" rather than Nothing). The default data stream is set up, to ensure we have "longitude" and "DE_ICRS" values to display. It then has three versions of the same visualization, varying only on rotation angle and label, stacked horizontally with hConcat.

Each plot - created with the rSpec helper function - defines a plot size, uses the Orthographic projection with the given rotation (the lambda term of PrRotate) to change the center of the display, and then the plot itself is formed from four layers:

1. sphere is used to indicate the area of the plot covered by the sky (filled with a blue variant);
2. graticules are drawn at every 30 degrees (longitude, so 2 hours in Right Ascension) and 15 degrees (latitude);
3. the stars are drawn using color to encode the parallax of the star and the symbol shape the cluster membership (although the density of points is such that it can be hard to make the shapes out);
4. and a label is added at the center of the plot to indicate the Right Ascension (the label could be determined automatically from the rotation angle, but it was easier to just specify it directly).

Since the data values have two different encodings - color and shape - there are two legends added. I place them in different locations using LOrient: the parallax goes to the right of the plots (which is the default) and the symbol shapes to the bottom. Both use larger-than-default font sizes for the text (title and label).

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor (although the link is long, and may not work with Internet Explorer)

let trans = transform
              . calculateAs
                "datum.RA_ICRS > 180 ? datum.RA_ICRS - 360 : datum.RA_ICRS"
                "longitude"

    axOpts field = [ PName field, PmType Quantitative ]
    legend ttl o = MLegend [ LTitle ttl
                           , LOrient o
                           , LTitleFontSize 16
                           , LLabelFontSize 14
                           ]
    enc = encoding
            . position Longitude (axOpts "longitude")
            . position Latitude (axOpts "DE_ICRS")
            . color [ MName "plx"
                    , MmType Quantitative
                    , MScale [ SType ScLog
                             , SScheme "viridis" []
                             ]
                    , legend "parallax" LORight
                    ]
            . shape [ MName "Cluster"
                    , MmType Nominal
                    , legend "cluster" LOBottom
                    ]
            . tooltip [ TName "Cluster", TmType Nominal ]

    stars = asSpec [ enc [], mark Point [] ]
    grats = asSpec [ graticule [ GrStepMinor (30, 15) ]
                   , mark Geoshape [ MStroke "grey"
                                   , MStrokeOpacity 0.5
                                   , MStrokeWidth 0.5
                                   ]
                   ]

    lblData r h0 =
      let r0 = -r
          lbl = h0 <> "h"
      in dataFromColumns []
         . dataColumn "x" (Numbers [ r0 ])
         . dataColumn "y" (Numbers [ 0 ])
         . dataColumn "lbl" (Strings [ lbl ])

    encLabels = encoding
                . position Longitude (axOpts "x")
                . position Latitude (axOpts "y")
                . text [ TName "lbl", TmType Nominal ]
    labels r h0 = asSpec [ lblData r h0 []
                         , encLabels []
                         , mark Text [ MAlign AlignCenter
                                     , MBaseline AlignTop
                                     , MdY 5
                                     ]
                         ]

    bg = asSpec [ sphere, mark Geoshape [ MFill "aliceblue" ] ]

    rSpec r h0 = asSpec [ width 300
                        , height 300
                        , projection [ PrType Orthographic
                                     , PrRotate r 0 0
                                     ]
                        , layer [ bg, grats, stars, labels r h0 ]
                        ]

    s1 = rSpec (-120) "8"
    s2 = rSpec 0 "12"
    s3 = rSpec 120 "4"

    setup = configure . configuration (ViewStyle [ ViewNoStroke ])

in toVegaLite [ setup []
              , gaiaData
              , trans []
              , hConcat [ s1, s2, s3 ] ]

The concatenatedPlot example can be extended to view the distribution of several fields - in this case Right Ascension, Declination, parallax, and magnitude:

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let enc = encoding
           . position X [ PName "Cluster", PmType Nominal ]
           . position Y [ PRepeat Row, PmType Quantitative, PAggregate Median ]

    spec = asSpec [ gaiaData
                  , mark Bar []
                  , enc [] ]

    rows = [ "RA_ICRS", "DE_ICRS", "plx", "Gmag" ]

in toVegaLite
      [ repeat [ RowFields rows ]
      , specification spec
      ]

This more compact specification replaces the data field name (for example PName "plx") with a reference to the repeating field (PRepeat) either as a Row or Column depending on the desired layout. We then compose the specifications by providing a set of RowFields (or ColumnFields) containing a list of the fields to which we wish to apply the specification (identified with the function specification which should follow the repeat function provided to toVegaLite).

If we want to plot more than one map from the same table of data we need to do the lookup in the other order, using lookup to add the geographic data to the data table. Charting this way requires specifiying a few things differently than in the previous choropleth example (choroplethLookupToGeo):

• We're using LuAs in lookup, rather than LuFields, which lets us use all the fields (columns) in the source rather than a specified subset.
• We use a different set of geographic features (state rather than county outlines) from usGeoData.
• The plot is defined as a specification, but does not directly refer to the value being displayed. This is set "externally" with the call to repeat. Since we have just had an example with RowFields, this time we use ColumnFields to stack the maps horizontally.
• Since the different fields have vastly-different ranges (a maximum of roughly 0.01 for "engineers" whereas the "population" field is a billion times larger), the color scaling is set to vary per field with resolve.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let popEngHurrData = dataFromUrl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vega/vega/master/docs/data/population_engineers_hurricanes.csv" []

    plotWidth = 300

    viz = [ popEngHurrData
          , width plotWidth
          , transform
            . lookup "id" (usGeoData "states") "id" (LuAs "geo")
            $ []
          , projection [PrType AlbersUsa]
          , encoding
            . shape [MName "geo", MmType GeoFeature]
            . color [MRepeat Column, MmType Quantitative, MLegend [LOrient LOTop, LGradientLength plotWidth]]
            $ []
          , mark Geoshape [MStroke "black", MStrokeOpacity 0.2]
          ]

in toVegaLite
   [ specification $ asSpec viz
   , resolve
     . resolution (RScale [(ChColor, Independent)])
     $ []
   , repeat [ColumnFields ["population", "engineers", "hurricanes"]]
   ]

By moving the legend to the top of each visualization, I have taken advantage of the fixed with (here 300 pixels) to ensure the color bar uses the full width (with LGradientLength).

We can combine repeated rows and columns to create a grid of views, such as a scatterplot matrix, adding in color encoding to separate out the clusters:

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let enc = encoding
            . position X [ PRepeat Column, PmType Quantitative ]
            . position Y [ PRepeat Row, PmType Quantitative ]
            . color [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal ]

    spec = asSpec [ gaiaData
                  , mark Point [ MSize 5 ]
                  , enc [] ]

    fields = [ "RA_ICRS", "DE_ICRS", "plx", "Gmag" ]

in toVegaLite
      [ repeat [ RowFields fields, ColumnFields fields ]
      , specification spec
      ]

To be honest, this is not the best dataset to use here, as there is no direct correlation between location (the RA_ICRS and DE_ICRS fields) and the other columns, but it's the dataset I chose, so we are stuck with it.

Once you have sub-plots as a specification, you can combine them horizontally and vertically to make a dashboard style visualization. Interested parties should check out the Building a Dashboard section of the Elm Vega-Lite Walkthrough for more details.

The next several plots show different types of selection - select a single point, a range of plots, or follow the mouse - and all have the same basic structure. To avoid repetition, and mistakes, I am going to introduce a helper function which creates the plot structure but without the selection definition, and then use that to build up the plots.

The helper function, selectionProperties, takes two arguments, which are the selection name and the plot title. The selection name is used to identify the selection, as a visualization can support multiple selections, and the plot title has been added mainly to show some minor customization (the use of TOrient to move the title to the bottom).

The definition of this helper function is:

selectionProps selName label =
  let posOpts field = [ PName field
                      , PmType Quantitative
                      , PScale [ SZero False ]
                      ]

      enc = encoding
               . position X (posOpts "Gmag")
               . position Y (posOpts "plx")

               . color [ MSelectionCondition (SelectionName selName)
                           [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal ]
                           [ MString "grey" ]
                       ]

               . opacity [ MSelectionCondition (SelectionName selName)
                            [ MNumber 1.0 ]
                            [ MNumber 0.3 ]
                         ]

               . size [ MSelectionCondition (SelectionName selName)
                            [ MNumber 40 ]
                            [ MNumber 5 ]
                         ]

      trans = transform
                 . filter (FExpr "datum.DE_ICRS < -20")

  in [ gaiaData
     , trans []
     , mark Point []
     , enc []
     , title label [ TOrient SBottom ]
     ]

The three non-selection-related features added here are that SZero is used to tell Vega Lite that we do not need 0 displayed on either axis, which leads to a "tight" bounding box around the data, a filter is used to select a subset of rows, namely only those with a declination less than -20 (via FExpr), and the plot title is moved to the bottom with TOrient.

The main change is that the selection is used in the encoding section, identified by name, using SelectionName and the supplied argument. It is used as a filter for the encoding section, where MSelectionCondition defines the properties to use when the selection occurs (the first list of properties) and when it does not (the second list). This is used for three different encodings:

• color, where the selected star is labelled by its cluster color, and all the other are grey;
• opacity, so that the selected star is fully opaque whereas un-selected stars are partially transparent;
• and size, so that the selected star is much bigger than the others.

When no selection has been made - such as when the visualization is first created - then all points are encoded with the "selected" case (so colorful, fully opaque, and large in this case).

The actual plot just requires the selection information to be defined and then added to the plot properties:

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let selLabel = "picked"
    sel = selection
            . select selLabel Single []

in toVegaLite (sel [] : selectionProperties selLabel "Select a point")

The selection function is used to define the selection, via one or more applications of the select function. The form of select is that the selection is named, in this case we use "picked", and the type is given (a Single click), and then options, which in our case there aren't any, so an empty list is used.

Note that hvega does not track the selection names, and will allow you to use a name that you have not defined.

The only change here is to add a property to the selection - that is Nearest True - which means that the nearest point to the click will be highlighted.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let selLabel = "picked"
    sel = selection
            . select selLabel Single [ Nearest True ]

in toVegaLite (sel [] : selectionProperties selLabel "Select nearest point")

One consequence of this change is that once a point has been selected you can not remove this (i.e. un-select the point). This is in contrast to singleSelection, where clicking on an area with no stars would remove the previous selection. The Clear property can be added to the list to define a way to clear the selection.

The selection can easily be changed to allow multiple stars to be selected, using shift-click, by swapping from Single to Multi.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let selLabel = "this is just a label"
    sel = selection
            . select selLabel Multi []

in toVegaLite (sel [] : selectionProperties selLabel "Shift click to select points")

We can take advantage of browser event by using On to define which event to use, such as mouse movement over points:

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let selLabel = "picked"
    sel = selection
            . select selLabel Multi [ On "mouseover" ]

in toVegaLite (sel [] : selectionProperties selLabel "Move the pointer to select a point")

The supported list of events is described in the Vega Event-Stream Selectors documentation.

The addition of Nearest True to the list of properties sent to select would avoid the flickering, as the mouse moves between the stars.

The final BooleanOp value is Interval, which lets you drag a rectangle to select the interior points:

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let selLabel = "naming is hard"
    sel = selection
            . select selLabel Interval [ ]

in toVegaLite (sel [] : selectionProperties selLabel "Drag a rectangle to select points")

The default interval option is to select a rectangle, but it can be restricted - such as to select all items within a range along a given axis using Encodings:

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let selLabel = "naming is still hard"
    sel = selection
            . select selLabel Interval [ Encodings [ ChY ] ]

in toVegaLite (sel [] : selectionProperties selLabel "Drag to select points by parallax")

We'll come back to further things to do with interval selections when we get to interactive plots below (see bindScales).

For example, we can adjust the visualization to select all stars in the same cluster, which is useful in this case since the Blanco1 and IC2391 clusters occupy the same space in the magnitude-parallax plane.

This is invoked simply by adding the Fields constructor to the select parameters naming the fields onto which we wish to project our selection. Additionally, we have set the default selection with Empty so that if nothing is selected, the selection is empty (as we have previously seen, without this the default selection is the entire encoded dataset).

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let sel = selection
            . select "pick" Single [ Fields [ "Cluster" ]
                                   , Empty
                                   , Nearest True
                                   ]

in toVegaLite (sel [] : selectionProperties "pick" "Select a point, select a cluster")

New in Vega Lite 4 is the ability to interact with the legend via the BindLegend option. In this case selecting on a cluster in the legend will highlight that cluster in the visualization (but not vice versa). Notice how the legend now also follows the MSelectionCondition rules (that is, the unselected items in the image below are also drawn in grey and are partially transparent).

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let sel = selection
          . select "pick" Single [ BindLegend
                                   (BLField "Cluster")
                                 ]

in toVegaLite (sel [] : selectionProperties "pick" "Select a legend item")

The Elm Vega-Lite walkthrough uses a dataset which has a column for which a range-slider makes sense. The dataset I'm using is less rich, and so I am going to use a HTML select widget - a drop-down list of values - instead. This lets the user select all stars from a given cluster, and is introduced with the Bind and ISelect constructors.

The InOptions list is given the values of the Cluster column that can be selected: I start with a value not in the list (none) just to indicate that no values are selected, and then the list of clusters in this sub-sample (remembering that selectionProperties applies a declination cut off). Eagle-eyed readers will note that the cluster names in this list (the clusters variable) end in spaces: this is because the input data file has the cluster names stored in an eight-character field, even though it is a tab-separated file. This surprised me when I first tried this visualization, and using the value "Blanco1" did not select anything! Isn't working with data so much fun!

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let picked = "picked"

    clusters = [ "none", "Blanco1 ", "IC2391  ", "IC2602  ", "NGC2451 " ]
    sel = selection
            . select picked Single [ Fields [ "Cluster" ]
                                   , Bind [ ISelect "Cluster" [ InOptions clusters ] ]
                                   , Empty
                                   ]

   conf = configure
            . configuration (BackgroundStyle "beige")

in toVegaLite (conf [] :
               sel [] :
               selectionProperties picked "Please select a cluster")

Originally this example had the selection working both ways - that is the HTML widget can be used to select a cluster and clicking on a point on the visualization updated the HTML widget. However, this no-longer happens and I don't know whether it is a change in Vega-Lite or I changed something in the visualization!

Unlike the other plots shown in the tutorial, this is a screen grab rather than a PNG file created by Vega Embed. The background color was changed - following the approach used in stripPlotWithBackground - to show where the visualization "ends" and the HTML select element starts. It also shows the Vega Embed "drop-down" menu in the top-right corner, namely the three dots in a circle.

The selection can also be bound to an axis (or both axes, as in this case), using BindScales (applying it to the intervalSelectionY plot).

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let picked = "picked"

    sel = selection
            . select picked Interval [ Encodings [ ChX, ChY ], BindScales ]

in toVegaLite (sel [] : selectionProperties picked "Drag or zoom the axes")

The image here was created after panning and zooming into the data.

The following plot doesn't contain anything new, but allows us to select a rectangular-range on one plot, and see the same selection automatically applied to the other plots. This is achieved by combining the repeat fuction with the selection; this causes the selection to be projected across all views as it is duplicated.

For this example we use all the clusters, rather than the subset of Southern ones. One trick I use is to convert the Right Ascension values (which have a domain of 0 to 360 degrees, and wrap around at the 0/360 mark), into their cosine values (remembering to convert to radians first), and display that instead. This ensures the "Blanco1" cluster members are spatially co-located on this axis - with values close to 1 - rather than appearing near 0 and 360. This is more to show things you can do with Vega-Lite, rather than necesarily things you should do :-)

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let enc = encoding
            . position X [ PRepeat Column, PmType Quantitative ]
            . position Y [ PRepeat Row, PmType Quantitative ]
            . color
                [ MSelectionCondition (SelectionName "picked")
                  [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal ]
                  [ MString "grey" ]
                ]

    sel = selection
            . select "picked" Interval [ ]

    trans = transform
            . calculateAs "cos(datum.RA_ICRS * PI / 180)" "cosRA"

    spec = asSpec
             [ gaiaData
             , trans []
             , mark Circle []
             , enc []
             , sel []
             ]

in toVegaLite
     [ repeat
       [ RowFields [ "cosRA", "DE_ICRS" ]
       , ColumnFields [ "plx", "Gmag" ]
       ]
     , specification spec
     ]

If the interval selection is bound the the axes with BindScales then we can zoom and pan the related plots - i.e. changing the range displayed in one plot will also change the two plots that it shares an axis with in this two by two arrangement. The conditional encoding of the color channel has also been removed.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

The image was captured after panning and zooming in the "parallax-RA_ICRS" plot.

let enc = encoding
            . position X [ PRepeat Column, PmType Quantitative ]
            . position Y [ PRepeat Row, PmType Quantitative ]
            . color [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal ]

    sel = selection
            . select "picked" Interval [ BindScales ]

    spec = asSpec
             [ gaiaData
             , mark Circle []
             , enc []
             , sel []
             ]

in toVegaLite
     [ repeat
       [ RowFields [ "RA_ICRS", "DE_ICRS" ]
       , ColumnFields [ "plx", "Gmag" ]
       ]
     , specification spec
     ]

The "cosine" transformation has been removed in comparison to coordinatedViews.

The ability to determine the scale of a chart based on a selection is useful in implementing a common visualization design pattern, that of 'context and focus' (or sometimes referred to as 'overview and detail on demand'). We can achieve this by setting the scale of one view based on the selection in another. The detail view is updated whenever the selected region is changed through interaction:

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let sel = selection . select "brush" Interval [ Encodings [ ChY ] ]

    encContext = encoding
                   . position X [ PName "Gmag", PmType Quantitative, PScale [ SZero False ] ]
                   . position Y [ PName "plx", PmType Quantitative ]

    specContext = asSpec [ width 400
                         , height 80
                         , sel []
                         , mark Point []
                         , encContext []
                         , title "Select a Y range to zoom in below" []
                         ]

    encDetail = encoding
                  . position X [ PName "Gmag"
                               , PmType Quantitative
                               , PScale [ SZero False ]
                               , PAxis [ AxNoTitle ]
                               ]
                  . position Y [ PName "plx"
                               , PmType Quantitative
                               , PScale [ SDomain (DSelection "brush") ]
                               ]
                  . color [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal ]

  specDetail =
      asSpec [ width 400, mark Point [], encDetail [] ]

in toVegaLite
     [ gaiaData
     , vConcat [ specContext, specDetail ]
     ]

Not shown here, but selecting a range of y-values in the top plot (specContext) will cause the second plot (specDetail) to zoom in on that range, as the selection is bound to the y axis of this plot via DSelection.

Here we show distributions of the four main numeric quantities in the dataset - position, magnitude, and prallax - using the totalEnc encoding, and add a second layer which repeats this data but with a different color (selectedEnc), and that is tied to the interval-selection along the x axis (ChX).

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

Selecting a small range of parallax values in the fourth plot highlights the associated data in the other three plots.

let sel = selection . select "brush" Interval [ Encodings [ ChX ] ]

    filterTrans = transform . filter (FSelection "brush")

    -- borrow a function from Elm
    pQuant = PmType Quantitative

    totalEnc = encoding
                . position X [ PRepeat Column, pQuant ]
                . position Y [ PAggregate Count, pQuant ]

    selectedEnc = totalEnc
                    . color [ MString "goldenrod" ]

in toVegaLite
     [ repeat [ ColumnFields [ "RA_ICRS", "DE_ICRS", "Gmag", "plx" ] ]
     , specification $
         asSpec
           [ gaiaData
           , layer
             [ asSpec [ mark Bar [], totalEnc [] ]
             , asSpec [ sel [], filterTrans [], mark Bar [], selectedEnc [] ]
             ]
           ]
     ]

The loess transform will generate new coordinate pairs for the independent and dependent values based on an existing pair. The name stands for locally-estimated scatterplot smoothing, and here I use it to look for any possible relationship between the magnitude and parallax of each star in a cluster. I don't expect there to really be any (as we've seen before, the distribution is pretty flat), but it's the data I have to play with in this tutorial.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let simplify = transform
               . filter (FExpr "(datum.DE_ICRS >= 0) & (datum.DE_ICRS <= 40)")

    rawEnc = encoding
            . position X [ PName "Gmag"
                         , PmType Quantitative
                         , PScale [ SZero False ]
                         ]
            . position Y [ PName "plx"
                         , PmType Quantitative
                         , PScale [ SZero False ]
                         ]
            . color [ MName "Cluster"
                    , MmType Nominal
                    , MLegend []
                    ]

    rawLayer = asSpec [ rawEnc [], mark Point [] ]

    trans = transform
            . loess "plx" "Gmag" [ LsAs "x" "y"
                                 , LsGroupBy [ "Cluster" ] ]

    trendAx pos lbl = position pos [ PName lbl
                                   , PmType Quantitative
                                   , PAxis []
                                   ]
    trendEnc = encoding
               . trendAx X "x"
               . trendAx Y "y"

    trendLayer = asSpec [ trans []
                        , trendEnc []
                        , mark Line [ MStroke "black"
                                    , MStrokeWidth 2
                                    ]
                        ]

    frameSpec = asSpec [ width 250
                       , height 250
                       , layer [ rawLayer, trendLayer ] ]

in toVegaLite
     [ gaiaData
     , simplify []
     , columns 2
     , facetFlow [ FName "Cluster", FmType Nominal ]
     , specification frameSpec
     ]

The data is filtered to select only four clusters, ensuring that the two closest (i.e. they have the largest parallax values) are included as they are likely to be the most-interesting to look at (because of the spread of parallax values).

The LsGroupBy option is used to ensure the calculation is done per cluster, and then multiple layers are used to compare the raw with the "smoothed" data in a faceted display.

This is the same data as loessExample, but using a linear regression model to try and explain the data. Practically, the only things that have changed are switching from loess to regression, and displaying all the data in a single visualization.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let simplify = transform
               . filter (FExpr "(datum.DE_ICRS >= 0) & (datum.DE_ICRS <= 40)")

    rawAx pos lbl = position pos [ PName lbl
                                 , PmType Quantitative
                                 , PScale [ SZero False ]
                                 ]
    cluster = color [ MName "Cluster"
                    , MmType Nominal
                    ]

    rawEnc = encoding
             . rawAx X "Gmag"
             . rawAx Y "plx"
             . cluster

    rawLayer = asSpec [ rawEnc [], mark Point [] ]

    trans = transform
            . regression "plx" "Gmag" [ RgAs "x" "y"
                                      , RgGroupBy [ "Cluster" ] ]

    trendAx pos lbl = position pos [ PName lbl
                                   , PmType Quantitative
                                   , PAxis []
                                   ]
    trendEnc = encoding
               . trendAx X "x"
               . trendAx Y "y"
               . cluster

    trendLayer = asSpec [ trans []
                        , trendEnc []
                        , mark Line [ MStroke "black"
                                    , MStrokeWidth 2
                                    ]
                        ]

in toVegaLite
     [ width 300
     , height 300
     , gaiaData
     , simplify []
     , layer [ rawLayer, trendLayer ]
     ]

In this example I used the default method - RgLinear - but other options are possible (set with the RgMethod option).

We have already seen "error bars" in the layeredDiversion plot, where the Rule type was used to draw a line between the Y and Y2 encodings. In that example the two positions were calculated "on the fly" by Vega-Lite (using the Min and Max aggregation operations). In this example I use the data to calculate the display range, namely plx - e_plx to plx + e_plx. These are mapped to the X and X2 channels (not because it makes a better visualization, but just to show you can create lines along the x axis), and a small-multiples approach is used to separate out the clusters, but only after a filter designed to select the two clusters - with the "most interesting" data for this plot - has been applied.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let trans = transform
              . filter (FExpr "datum.Cluster[0] == 'C' || datum.Cluster[0] == 'H'")
              . calculateAs "datum.plx - datum.e_plx" "plx_lo"
              . calculateAs "datum.plx + datum.e_plx" "plx_hi"

    errorEnc = encoding
                 . position X [ PName "plx_lo"
                              , PmType Quantitative
                              , PScale [SZero False]
                              , PAxis [ AxTitle "parallax (mas)" ]
                              ]
                 . position X2 [ PName "plx_hi" ]
                 . position Y [ PName "Gmag", PmType Quantitative ]
                 . column [ FName "Cluster", FmType Nominal ]

    sel = selection
            . select "picked" Interval [ BindScales ]

in toVegaLite [ gaiaData
              , trans []
              , errorEnc []
              , mark Rule []
              , sel []
              ]

For the interested reader, it was the calculation of the "plx_hi" column that lead me to the discovery that the columns were being read in as a string, and the introduction of the Parse option to gaiaData.

As can be seen, the e_plx terms are generally very small. This is good for anyone using the data, as we want precise measurements, but makes it harder for me to come up with meaningful visualizations! I have taken advantage of the BindScales interaction to zoom in on a subset of stars which show larger parallax errors:

Alternatively, I could have made life simpler for myself and used the ErrorBar (or ErrorBand) mark type, together with XError (or YError) to indicate that the channel gives the offset from the central value. For this visualization I restrict to a single cluster (since I now know there's only one in this sample which begins with C), but retain the column encoding as a means to getting a useful title. I've also switched things so that the errors are back along the y axis.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let trans = transform
              . filter (FExpr "datum.Cluster[0] == 'C'")

    errorEnc = encoding
                . position Y [ PName "plx"
                             , PmType Quantitative
                             , PScale [SZero False]
                             , PAxis [ AxTitle "parallax (mas)" ]
                             ]
                . position YError [ PName "e_plx" ]
                . position X [ PName "Gmag", PmType Quantitative ]
                . column [ FName "Cluster", FmType Nominal ]

in toVegaLite [ gaiaData
              , trans []
              , errorEnc []
              , mark ErrorBar []
              ]

In this plot the error range is calculated by Vega-Lite, and is taken from the standard deviation of the Gmag field (StdDev). The MTicks and MRule constructors are used to color the different parts of the error bars. Since the error bar does not reference the central value, a separate layer is used to add a square symbol (SymSquare) at the average (Mean) value of the distribution.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let cluster = position X [ PName "Cluster", PmType Nominal ]

    barOpts = [ MExtent StdDev
              , MTicks [ MColor "purple" ]
              , MRule [ MColor "teal" ]
              ]
    range = [ mark ErrorBar barOpts
            , encoding
                . position Y [ PName "Gmag"
                             , PmType Quantitative
                             , PScale [ SZero False ]
                             ]
                $ []
            ]

    center = [ mark Point [ MShape SymSquare, MSize 20 ]
             , encoding
                 . position Y [ PName "Gmag"
                              , PmType Quantitative
                              , PmType Mean
                              ]
                 $ []
             ]

in toVegaLite
      [ gaiaData
      , encoding (cluster [])
      , layer (map asSpec [ range, center ])
      , width 300
      , height 300
      ]

The next plot shows the ErrorBand mark, which fills the area between the chosen range with a color, and optional borders. Here the blue band shows the calculated standard deviation - as used in errorBars - and the gray band with borders shows the inter-quartile range. On top of these are drawn the median (blue) and median (green dashed) lines.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let posY extra = position Y ([ PName "Gmag"
                             , PmType Quantitative
                             , PScale [ SZero False ]
                             ] ++ extra) []

    bands = [ [ encoding (posY [])
              , mark ErrorBand [ MExtent StdDev ]
              ]
            , [ encoding (posY [])
              , mark ErrorBand [ MExtent Iqr
                               , MBorders [ MStrokeDash [ 6, 2 ] ]
                               , MColor "gray"
                               ]
              ]
            , [ encoding (posY [ PAggregate Median ])
              , mark Line []
              ]
            , [ encoding (posY [ PAggregate Mean ])
              , mark Line [ MColor "green"
                          , MStrokeDash [ 6, 2, 4, 2 ]
                          ]
              ]
            ]

in toVegaLite
    [ gaiaData
    , encoding (position X [ PName "Cluster", PmType Nominal ] [])
    , layer (map asSpec bands)
    , width 300
    , height 300
    , title "Comparing ranges" []
    ]

Note that I don't think this is a good visualization for this particular dataset, since it implies there's a connection or correlation between clusters, as given by the x-axis ordering, but the aim here is to show how to use hvega rather than creating sensible plots!

An alternative visualization of a distribution is the "box and whiskers" plot, which can be achieved in hvega with the Boxplot mark. The example below shows the default settings, but the various components can be controlled with MBox, MMedian, MOutliers, and MTicks.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

toVegaLite
    [ gaiaData
    , encoding
        . position X [ PName "Cluster", PmType Nominal ]
        . position Y [ PName "Gmag", PmType Quantitative ]
        $ []
    , mark Boxplot []
    , width 300
    , height 300
    ]

The Boxplot option supports two different "ranges":

• the default is the Tukey Box plot, where the whiskers span a range Q1 - k * IQR to Q3 + k * IQR, IQR = Q3 - Q1, Q1 and Q3 are the lower and upper inter-quartile values (so 25 and 75 per cent of the distribution), and k defaults to 1.5 but can be changed with IqrScale;
• or ExRange, which uses the full range of the data (i.e. minimum to maximum values).

Here I combine errorBox with smallMultiples2 so we can compare the distribution (from the histogram) with that from the box plot.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let histEnc = encoding
                . position X [ PName "Gmag", PmType Quantitative, PBin [] ]
                . position Y yAxis
                . color [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal, MLegend [] ]

    errEnc = encoding
               . position X [ PName "Gmag", PmType Quantitative ]
               . position Y [ PNumber 80 ]
               . color [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal, MLegend [] ]

    yAxis = [ PAggregate Count
            , PmType Quantitative
            , PAxis [ AxTitle "Number of Stars" ]
            ]

    boxOpts = [ MMedian [ MColor "black" ]
              , MBox [ MStroke "white" ]
              , MNoOutliers
              ]

    histSpec = asSpec [ mark Bar [], histEnc [] ]
    errSpec = asSpec [ mark Boxplot boxOpts, errEnc [] ]

    combinedSpec = asSpec [ layer [ histSpec, errSpec ] ]

in toVegaLite
    [ gaiaData
    , columns 3
    , facetFlow [ FName "Cluster", FmType Nominal ]
    , specification combinedSpec
    ]

The main additions here are the configuration of the box plot - with MMedian, MBox (used to ensure the box is visually distinct from the bar for the Pleiades cluster, where they overlap), and MNoOutliers (to turn off the display of the outliers) - and the use of PNumber to define the location on the y axis of the boxplot visualization. Note that PNumber is defined in pixel units, with 0 being the top of the visualization and 80 was found by trial and error.

This is based on the Marginal Histogram example from the Vega-Lite Example Gallery. There is very-little new in this plot, in that pretty-much everything has been shown before. However, there are some interesting wrinkles, such as

• combining multiple plots, in this case the "top" area - which is a histogram on top of a plot which is itself a "map" and a histogram - and "bottom" area - which is just a point plot - requires judicious use of asSpec;
• selection works in both the main plots - the "map" and "point" plots - to highlight all stars in the same cluster, and I was pleasantly surprised to find out I could just use the same selection specification (selCluster) in both (hopefully I am not just enjoying a hole in the Vega-Lite specification);
• I have been perhaps too defensive in defining the Right Ascension and Declination axes in the relevant plots, as I want to make sure the histogram bins and plot axes are well aligned (that is the Nice False statements may not be needed when defining the histogram axes);
• I am not 100% sure I understand what is going on with the grid labels on the Declination axis, as I had thought I was asking for marks every 15 degrees, but the plot shows them every 30 degrees (however, if I change the deTicks array then the marks change in ways I currently do not understand);
• and I have decided to display Right Ascension in hours, rather than degrees, because why have one way to measure a value when you can have many!

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor (although the link is long, and may not work with Internet Explorer)

let trans = transform
              . calculateAs "datum.RA_ICRS / 15" "RA"

    quant n = [ PName n, PmType Quantitative ]

    big = 400
    small = 100
    wmain = width big
    hmain = height big
    wsub = width small
    hsub = height small
    noTitle = PAxis [ AxNoTitle ]

    raAxis = [ PScale [ SDomain (DNumbers [ 0, 24 ])
                      , SNice (IsNice False)
                      ]
             , PSort [ Descending ]
             , PAxis [ AxTitle "Right Ascension (hours)" ]
             ]

    deMin = -90
    deMax = 90
    deStep = 15

    -- we do not get ticks/grids at all these values, but it does
    -- something (e.g. if do not specify the axis ticks are different)
    --
    deTicks = Numbers [ deMin, deMin + deStep .. deMax ]
    deAxis = [ PScale [ SDomain (DNumbers [ deMin, deMax ])
                      , SNice (IsNice False)
                      ]
             , PAxis [ AxTitle "Declination (degrees)"
                     , AxValues deTicks
                     ]
             ]

    colorEnc = color [ MSelectionCondition (SelectionName "pick")
                         [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal ]
                         [ MString "grey" ]
                     ]
    mapEnc = encoding
               . position X (quant "RA" ++ raAxis)
               . position Y (quant "DE_ICRS" ++ deAxis)
               . colorEnc

    circleMark = mark Circle [ MOpacity 0.5 ]

    mapSpec = asSpec [ mapEnc []
                     , circleMark
                     , wmain
                     , hmain
                     , selCluster []
                     ]

    -- histogram of the RA values
    --
    raBinning = [ PBin [ Extent 0 24
                       , Step 2
                       , Nice False
                       ]
                , PSort [ Descending ]
                , PAxis []
                ]

    -- histogram of the Declination values
    --
    deBinning = [ PBin [ Extent deMin deMax
                       , Step deStep
                       , Nice False
                       ]
                , PAxis []
                ]

    histAxis = [ PAggregate Count
               , PmType Quantitative
               , noTitle
               , PScale [ SDomain (DNumbers [ 0, 3000 ]) ]
               ]

    raEnc = encoding
              . position X (quant "RA" ++ raBinning)
              . position Y histAxis

    deEnc = encoding
              . position Y (quant "DE_ICRS" ++ deBinning)
              . position X histAxis

    allRA = [ raEnc []
            , mark Bar [ MColor "gray" ]
            ]
    filtRA = [ filterCluster []
             , raEnc
                 . colorEnc
                 $ []
             , mark Bar []
             ]

    allDE = [ deEnc []
            , mark Bar [ MColor "gray" ]
            ]
    filtDE = [ filterCluster []
             , deEnc
                 . colorEnc
                 $ []
             , mark Bar []
             ]

    raSpec = asSpec [ wmain, hsub, layer [ asSpec allRA, asSpec filtRA ] ]
    deSpec = asSpec [ hmain, wsub, layer [ asSpec allDE, asSpec filtDE ] ]

    borderSpacing = 20

    mapAndDecSpec = asSpec [ spacing borderSpacing
                           , bounds Flush
                           , hConcat [ mapSpec, deSpec ]
                           ]

    histSpecs = [ raSpec, mapAndDecSpec ]

    -- select the cluster which the star belongs to; do not use
    -- "nearest click" as that means a user can not cancel the
    -- selection.
    --
    pick = "pick"
    selCluster = selection
                   . select pick Single [ Fields [ "Cluster" ] ]

    filterCluster = transform
                      . filter (FSelection pick)

    plxOpts = [ PScale [ SType ScLog, SNice (IsNice False) ]
              , PAxis [ AxTitle "parallax (milli-arcsecond)" ]
              ]
    gmagOpts = [ PAxis [ AxTitle "G magnitude" ] ]

    encData = encoding
                . position X (quant "plx" ++ plxOpts)
                . position Y (quant "Gmag" ++ gmagOpts)

    parallaxSpec = asSpec [ width (big + borderSpacing + small)
                          , encData
                              . colorEnc
                              $ []
                          , circleMark
                          , selCluster []
                          ]

    allSpecs = [ asSpec [ spacing borderSpacing
                        , bounds Flush
                        , vConcat histSpecs
                        ]
               , parallaxSpec ]


in toVegaLite
   [ gaiaData
   , trans []
   , vConcat allSpecs
     -- remove the "other" axis (e.g. top of Y, right for X)
   , configure
       . configuration (ViewStyle [ ViewStroke "transparent" ])
       $ []
   , title "Gaia data from arXiv:1804.09378" [ TAnchor AMiddle ]
   ]

Here is the visualization after selecting a star:

This visualization started out when I asked myself if I could repeat the X axis at the top of the plot. I started off by trying to use configuration with the AxisTop constructor, but this didn't work (perhaps I didn't turn on the necessary option), so I ended up with the following. It does show off the use of AxLabelExpr and AxDataCondition, but is not perhaps the most-digestible visualization one could create!

As I could not work out how to duplicate the X axis with only a single layer, I got creative and duplicated the data and in the second layer moved the X axis to the top of the plot with AxOrient, and ensured the data would not be displayed (by setting the Text value to the empty string).

The axis labels and the tick marks for the two X axes make use of the datum.index field, which is in the range 0 to 1 inclusive, which I multiply by 8 (one less than the total number of clusters) and check if the result is odd or even (ignoring the possibility of floating-point inaccuracies in the conversion). The odd values are displayed on the bottom axis and the even values on the top (the first cluster, in this case Blanco1, has an index value of 0, so is displayed on the top axis). The AxLabelExpr option is used to determine the label contents (if the condition holds then it uses a trimmed and truncated version of the default label, otherwise it is blank), and AxDataCondition is used to control the opacity of the tick marks. I had hoped to show some of the label-overlap strategies in play here - controlled by AxLabelOverlap - but they didn't work well with the data and visualization size, and I realised I could play with the new-to-Vega-Lite-4 AxLabelExpr and AxDataCondition capabilities.

Normally a grid is not drawn for Nominal axes, but I turn it on (for the first layer) with AxGrid just to help guide the eye.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let trans = transform
            . aggregate [ opAs Count "" "number" ]
                        [ "Cluster" ]

    xAxis f = position X [ PName "Cluster"
                         , PmType Nominal
                         , PAxis [ AxLabelAngle 0
                                 , AxOrient (if f then SBottom else STop)
                                 , if f
                                   then AxTitle "Cluster"
                                   else AxNoTitle
                                 , AxLabelExpr (xlabels f)
                                 , AxDataCondition
                                   (Expr (xticks f))
                                   (CAxTickOpacity 1 0)
                                 , AxGrid f
                                 ]
                         ]

    xlabels f =
      let v = if f then "1" else "0"
      in "if((datum.index * 8) % 2 ==" <> v <> ", truncate(trim(datum.label), 5), '')"

    xticks f =
      let v = if f then "1" else "0"
      in "(datum.index * 8) % 2 ==" <> v

    yAxis f = position Y [ PName "number"
                         , PmType Quantitative
                         , PAxis [ if f
                                   then AxTitle "Number of stars"
                                   else AxNoTitle ]
                         ]

    -- f is True indicates first Layer (bottom X axis, should display
    -- the Y axis).
    enc f = encoding
            . xAxis f
            . yAxis f

    dataLayer = asSpec [ enc True []
                       , mark Circle []
                       ]

    axLayer = asSpec [ enc False []
                     , mark Text [ MText "" ]
                     ]

in toVegaLite [ gaiaData
              , trans []
              , layer [ dataLayer, axLayer ]
              ]

If anyone can come up with a simpler way to duplicate the X axis I'm all ears!

Way back in the tutorial I noted - in densityParallaxGrouped - that setting the density option DnCounts to True resulted in counts that were too high. This is because the values need to be divided by the bin width, as shown in this visualization, where I:

• use an explicit grid for the density calculation, choosing the DnExtent and DnSteps parameters to create a bin width of 0.1 in parallax;
• sum up the resulting KDE (the "ykde" field) to create "ycounts";
• normalize the counts by the bin with using calculateAs to create the "count" field;
• which is plotted as a diamond, on top of a line showing the actual counts (calculated following starCount).

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let densTrans = transform
            . density "plx" [ DnAs "xkde" "ykde"
                            , DnGroupBy [ "Cluster" ]
                            , DnCounts True
                            , DnExtent 3 30
                            , DnSteps 270
                            ]
            . aggregate [ opAs Sum "ykde" "ycounts" ]
                        [ "Cluster" ]
            . calculateAs "datum.ycounts / 10" "count"

    enc = encoding
          . position X [ PName "Cluster"
                       , PmType Nominal
                       ]
          . position Y [ PName "count"
                       , PmType Quantitative
                       , PAxis [ AxTitle "Counts" ]
                       ]

    densLayer = asSpec [ densTrans []
                       , enc []
                       , mark Point [ MShape SymDiamond
                                    , MStroke "black"
                                    , MSize 200
                                    ]
                       ]

    countTrans = transform
                 . aggregate [ opAs Count "" "count" ] [ "Cluster" ]

    countLayer = asSpec [ countTrans [], enc [], mark Line [] ]

in toVegaLite
     [ gaiaData
     , layer [ countLayer, densLayer ]
     ]

Note that the same encoding specification is used on both layers, since I arranged the data transforms to create two columns - "Cluster" and "count" - in both cases.

In this example I compare the parallax values

• as the raw distribution, using the ticks display we saw in the very first plot, stripPlot, (although with a few adjustments)
• against a smoothed version of the distribution, calculated using the regression transform (e.g. densityParallax).

The only new things here are configuration options for the X axis - that is, the use of AxLabels, along with AxNoTitle, to ensure the X axis of the density plot only has grid lines - and the legend options were set to center the title.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor

let plxScale = PScale [ SType ScLog
                      , SNice (IsNice False)
                      , SDomain (DNumbers [3, 30])
                      ]

    opacityEnc ounsel osel =
      opacity [ MSelectionCondition (SelectionName selName)
                [ MNumber osel ]
                [ MNumber ounsel ]
              ]

    tickEnc = encoding
              . position X [ PName "plx"
                           , PmType Quantitative
                           , plxScale
                           , PAxis [ AxTitle "Parallax (mas)" ]
                           ]
              . color [ MName "Cluster"
                      , MmType Nominal
                      , MLegend []
                      ]
              . opacityEnc 0.05 0.3

    plotWidth = width 600

    tickLayer = asSpec [ plotWidth
                       , tickEnc []
                       , mark Tick [ ] ]

    densTrans = transform
                . density "plx" [ DnGroupBy [ "Cluster" ]
                                  , DnAs "value" "density"
                                  ]
    densEnc = encoding
              . position X [ PName "value"
                           , PmType Quantitative
                           , plxScale
                           , PAxis [ AxNoTitle
                                   , AxLabels False
                                   ]
                           ]
              . position Y [ PName "density"
                           , PmType Quantitative
                           , PAxis [ AxTitle "Density" ]
                           ]
              . color [ MName "Cluster"
                      , MmType Nominal
                      , MLegend [ LOrient LOBottom
                                , LTitleAnchor AMiddle
                                , LTitle "Select a cluster"
                                ]
                      , MScale [ SScheme "category10" [] ]
                      ]
              . opacityEnc 0.3 1

    densLayer = asSpec [ plotWidth
                       , densTrans []
                       , densEnc []
                       , sel []
                       , mark Line [ ]
                       ]

    selName = "legend"
    sel = selection
          . select selName Single [ BindLegend (BLField "Cluster") ]

in toVegaLite
    [ gaiaData
    , spacing 0
    , bounds Flush
    , vConcat [ densLayer, tickLayer ]
    ]

I have also changed the color scheme to "category10", which isn't necessarily any better than the default ("tableau10"), but is at least different (I was hoping to get a better separation in color space for the IC2391 and IC2602 clusters, but quickly gave up after trying out a few options).

Here is the visualization after selecting the label "NGC2451" in the legend:

With the helper routines, the actual plot is not very different to other plots (but note that unlike skyPlot we do not use projection since we are doing it all ourselves).

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor (although the link is long, and may not work with Internet Explorer)

let trans = transform
            . aitoffTrans "datum.RA_ICRS" "datum.DE_ICRS"

    enc = encoding
          . position X [ PName "x", PmType Quantitative, PScale [ SNice (IsNice False) ] ]
          . position Y [ PName "y", PmType Quantitative, PScale [ SNice (IsNice False) ] ]
          . color [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal ]

    spec = asSpec [ trans [], enc [], mark Circle [ MSize 9 ] ]

in toVegaLite [ aitoffConfig []
              , width 570
              , height 285
              , gaiaData
              , layer (spec : graticuleSpec)
              ]

Since we control the hotizontal and the vertical, it is possible to "rotate" the data to move a different location to the center of the plot (this version has Right Ascension of 0 at the middle). I leave that addition for your entertainment!

If we want, we can treat each cluster as a point, and calculate an "average" location. The following visualization presents the average location of each cluster, where we calculate the circular mean of the Right Ascension values (to account for possible wrapping around 0/360 degrees). To see the effect of this correction, we overlay the simple average as unfilled circles: for all clusters except Blanco1, which spans 0 degree meridian, the two match.

Open this visualization in the Vega Editor (although the link is long, and may not work with Internet Explorer)

let aggTrans = transform
               . calculateAs "cos(datum.RA_ICRS * PI / 180)" "cosRA"
               . calculateAs "sin(datum.RA_ICRS * PI / 180)" "sinRA"
               . aggregate
                   [ opAs Mean "cosRA" "cosRA0"
                   , opAs Mean "sinRA" "sinRA0"
                   , opAs Mean "RA_ICRS" "wrong_ra0"
                   , opAs Mean "DE_ICRS" "dec0"
                   ]
                   [ "Cluster" ]
              . calculateAs "atan2(datum.sinRA0,datum.cosRA0) * 180.0 / PI" "ra0"

    clusterTrans = aggTrans
                   . aitoffTrans "datum.ra0" "datum.dec0"

    pos ax field = position ax [ PName field
                               , PmType Quantitative
                               , PScale [SNice (IsNice False)]
                               ]
    enc = encoding
          . pos X "x"
          . pos Y "y"
          . color [ MName "Cluster", MmType Nominal, MLegend [] ]
    encText = enc
              . text [ TName "Cluster", TmType Nominal ]

    clusterSpec =
        asSpec [ clusterTrans [], enc [], mark Circle [ MSize 90 ] ]

    clusterLabelSpec =
        asSpec [ clusterTrans [], encText [], mark Text [ MAlign AlignLeft
                                                        , MdX 8 ] ]

    uncorrectedTrans = aggTrans
                       . aitoffTrans "datum.wrong_ra0" "datum.dec0"

    uncorrectedSpec =
        asSpec [ uncorrectedTrans [], enc [], mark Circle [ MSize 200, MFilled False ] ]

in toVegaLite  [ aitoffConfig []
               , width 570
               , height 285
               , gaiaData
               , layer (clusterSpec : uncorrectedSpec : clusterLabelSpec : graticuleSpec)
               ]