Safely index into a list

>>> [0,1,2,3] `at` 10
Nothing

>>> [0,1,2,3] `at` 2
Just 2

Unsafe a

>>> [0,1,2,3] `unsafeAt` 2
2

Check that a list has the given length (support infinite lists)

Append two lists, i.e.,

[x1, ..., xm] ++ [y1, ..., yn] == [x1, ..., xm, y1, ..., yn]
[x1, ..., xm] ++ [y1, ...] == [x1, ..., xm, y1, ...]

If the first list is not finite, the result is the first list.

Replicate

Drop

Length

Take

Split a list into chunks of a given size. The last chunk may contain fewer than n elements.

>>> chunksOf 3 "my test"
["my ","tes","t"]

>>> chunksOf 3 "mytest"
["myt","est"]

>>> chunksOf 8 ""
[]

> chunksOf 0 "test"

undefined

Pick each element and return the element and the rest of the list

>>> pick1 [1,2,3,4]
[(1,[2,3,4]),(2,[1,3,4]),(3,[1,2,4]),(4,[1,2,3])]

Get members of a bounded enum in a list

>>> :set -XTypeApplications
>>> data Letters = A | B | C | D deriving (Bounded,Enum,Show)
>>> enumList @Letters
[A,B,C,D]

Zip left with something extracted from each value

>>> zipLeftWith odd [0..5]
[(False,0),(True,1),(False,2),(True,3),(False,4),(True,5)]

Zip right with something extracted from each value

>>> zipRightWith odd [0..5]
[(0,False),(1,True),(2,False),(3,True),(4,False),(5,True)]

The partition function takes a predicate a list and returns the pair of lists of elements which do and do not satisfy the predicate, respectively; i.e.,

partition p xs == (filter p xs, filter (not . p) xs)

>>> partition (`elem` "aeiou") "Hello World!"
("eoo","Hll Wrld!")

\(\mathcal{O}(n^2)\). The nub function removes duplicate elements from a list. In particular, it keeps only the first occurrence of each element. (The name nub means `essence'.) It is a special case of nubBy, which allows the programmer to supply their own equality test.

>>> nub [1,2,3,4,3,2,1,2,4,3,5]
[1,2,3,4,5]

The sort function implements a stable sorting algorithm. It is a special case of sortBy, which allows the programmer to supply their own comparison function.

Elements are arranged from lowest to highest, keeping duplicates in the order they appeared in the input.

>>> sort [1,6,4,3,2,5]
[1,2,3,4,5,6]

\(\mathcal{O}(n)\). The intersperse function takes an element and a list and `intersperses' that element between the elements of the list. For example,

>>> intersperse ',' "abcde"
"a,b,c,d,e"

Left-associative fold of a structure but with strict application of the operator.

This ensures that each step of the fold is forced to weak head normal form before being applied, avoiding the collection of thunks that would otherwise occur. This is often what you want to strictly reduce a finite list to a single, monolithic result (e.g. length).

For a general Foldable structure this should be semantically identical to,

foldl' f z = foldl' f z . toList

Since: base-4.6.0.0

\(\mathcal{O}(1)\). Extract the first element of a list, which must be non-empty.

\(\mathcal{O}(1)\). Extract the elements after the head of a list, which must be non-empty.

\(\mathcal{O}(\min(m,n))\). zipWith generalises zip by zipping with the function given as the first argument, instead of a tupling function. For example, zipWith (+) is applied to two lists to produce the list of corresponding sums:

>>> zipWith (+) [1, 2, 3] [4, 5, 6]
[5,7,9]

zipWith is right-lazy:

zipWith f [] _|_ = []

zipWith is capable of list fusion, but it is restricted to its first list argument and its resulting list.

repeat x is an infinite list, with x the value of every element.

A version of nub where the equality is done on some extracted value. nubOn f is equivalent to nubBy ((==) on f), but has the performance advantage of only evaluating f once for each element in the input list.

The nubBy function behaves just like nub, except it uses a user-supplied equality predicate instead of the overloaded == function.

>>> nubBy (\x y -> mod x 3 == mod y 3) [1,2,4,5,6]
[1,2,6]

Sort a list by comparing the results of a key function applied to each element. sortOn f is equivalent to sortBy (comparing f), but has the performance advantage of only evaluating f once for each element in the input list. This is called the decorate-sort-undecorate paradigm, or Schwartzian transform.

Elements are arranged from from lowest to highest, keeping duplicates in the order they appeared in the input.

>>> sortOn fst [(2, "world"), (4, "!"), (1, "Hello")]
[(1,"Hello"),(2,"world"),(4,"!")]

Since: base-4.8.0.0

The sortBy function is the non-overloaded version of sort.

>>> sortBy (\(a,_) (b,_) -> compare a b) [(2, "world"), (4, "!"), (1, "Hello")]
[(1,"Hello"),(2,"world"),(4,"!")]

A version of group where the equality is done on some extracted value.

The groupBy function is the non-overloaded version of group.

The transpose function transposes the rows and columns of its argument. For example,

>>> transpose [[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]
[[1,4],[2,5],[3,6]]

If some of the rows are shorter than the following rows, their elements are skipped:

>>> transpose [[10,11],[20],[],[30,31,32]]
[[10,20,30],[11,31],[32]]

The \\ function is list difference (non-associative). In the result of xs \\ ys, the first occurrence of each element of ys in turn (if any) has been removed from xs. Thus

(xs ++ ys) \\ xs == ys.

>>> "Hello World!" \\ "ell W"
"Hoorld!"

It is a special case of deleteFirstsBy, which allows the programmer to supply their own equality test.

The intersect function takes the list intersection of two lists. For example,

>>> [1,2,3,4] `intersect` [2,4,6,8]
[2,4]

If the first list contains duplicates, so will the result.

>>> [1,2,2,3,4] `intersect` [6,4,4,2]
[2,2,4]

It is a special case of intersectBy, which allows the programmer to supply their own equality test. If the element is found in both the first and the second list, the element from the first list will be used.

The find function takes a predicate and a structure and returns the leftmost element of the structure matching the predicate, or Nothing if there is no such element.

zip3 takes three lists and returns a list of triples, analogous to zip. It is capable of list fusion, but it is restricted to its first list argument and its resulting list.

The zip4 function takes four lists and returns a list of quadruples, analogous to zip. It is capable of list fusion, but it is restricted to its first list argument and its resulting list.

The zip5 function takes five lists and returns a list of five-tuples, analogous to zip. It is capable of list fusion, but it is restricted to its first list argument and its resulting list.

The zip6 function takes six lists and returns a list of six-tuples, analogous to zip. It is capable of list fusion, but it is restricted to its first list argument and its resulting list.

The zip7 function takes seven lists and returns a list of seven-tuples, analogous to zip. It is capable of list fusion, but it is restricted to its first list argument and its resulting list.

\(\mathcal{O}(\min(m,n))\). The stripPrefix function drops the given prefix from a list. It returns Nothing if the list did not start with the prefix given, or Just the list after the prefix, if it does.

>>> stripPrefix "foo" "foobar"
Just "bar"

>>> stripPrefix "foo" "foo"
Just ""

>>> stripPrefix "foo" "barfoo"
Nothing

>>> stripPrefix "foo" "barfoobaz"
Nothing

\(\mathcal{O}(\min(m,n))\). The isPrefixOf function takes two lists and returns True iff the first list is a prefix of the second.

>>> "Hello" `isPrefixOf` "Hello World!"
True

>>> "Hello" `isPrefixOf` "Wello Horld!"
False

\(\mathcal{O}(n)\). The deleteBy function behaves like delete, but takes a user-supplied equality predicate.

>>> deleteBy (<=) 4 [1..10]
[1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10]

The isSuffixOf function takes two lists and returns True iff the first list is a suffix of the second. The second list must be finite.

>>> "ld!" `isSuffixOf` "Hello World!"
True

>>> "World" `isSuffixOf` "Hello World!"
False

Does the element occur in the structure?

Since: base-4.8.0.0

notElem is the negation of elem.

splitAt n xs returns a tuple where first element is xs prefix of length n and second element is the remainder of the list:

splitAt 6 "Hello World!" == ("Hello ","World!")
splitAt 3 [1,2,3,4,5] == ([1,2,3],[4,5])
splitAt 1 [1,2,3] == ([1],[2,3])
splitAt 3 [1,2,3] == ([1,2,3],[])
splitAt 4 [1,2,3] == ([1,2,3],[])
splitAt 0 [1,2,3] == ([],[1,2,3])
splitAt (-1) [1,2,3] == ([],[1,2,3])

It is equivalent to (take n xs, drop n xs) when n is not _|_ (splitAt _|_ xs = _|_).

Splits a list into components delimited by separators, where the predicate returns True for a separator element. The resulting components do not contain the separators. Two adjacent separators result in an empty component in the output.

split (== 'a') "aabbaca" == ["","","bb","c",""]
split (== 'a') ""        == [""]
split (== ':') "::xyz:abc::123::" == ["","","xyz","abc","","123","",""]
split (== ',') "my,list,here" == ["my","list","here"]

Break a list into pieces separated by the first list argument, consuming the delimiter. An empty delimiter is invalid, and will cause an error to be raised.

splitOn "\r\n" "a\r\nb\r\nd\r\ne" == ["a","b","d","e"]
splitOn "aaa"  "aaaXaaaXaaaXaaa"  == ["","X","X","X",""]
splitOn "x"    "x"                == ["",""]
splitOn "x"    ""                 == [""]
\s x -> s /= "" ==> intercalate s (splitOn s x) == x
\c x -> splitOn [c] x                           == split (==c) x

Find the first instance of needle in haystack. The first element of the returned tuple is the prefix of haystack before needle is matched. The second is the remainder of haystack, starting with the match. If you want the remainder without the match, use stripInfix.

breakOn "::" "a::b::c" == ("a", "::b::c")
breakOn "/" "foobar"   == ("foobar", "")
\needle haystack -> let (prefix,match) = breakOn needle haystack in prefix ++ match == haystack