Convert a string to lower case.

lower "This is A TEST" == "this is a test"
lower "" == ""

Convert a string to upper case.

upper "This is A TEST" == "THIS IS A TEST"
upper "" == ""

Remove spaces from either side of a string. A combination of trimEnd and trimStart.

trim      "  hello   " == "hello"
trimStart "  hello   " == "hello   "
trimEnd   "  hello   " == "  hello"
\s -> trim s == trimEnd (trimStart s)

Remove spaces from the start of a string, see trim.

Remove spaces from the end of a string, see trim.

Split the first word off a string. Useful for when starting to parse the beginning of a string, but you want to accurately preserve whitespace in the rest of the string.

word1 "" == ("", "")
word1 "keyword rest of string" == ("keyword","rest of string")
word1 "  keyword\n  rest of string" == ("keyword","rest of string")
\s -> fst (word1 s) == concat (take 1 $ words s)
\s -> words (snd $ word1 s) == drop 1 (words s)

Split the first line off a string.

line1 "" == ("", "")
line1 "test" == ("test","")
line1 "test\n" == ("test","")
line1 "test\nrest" == ("test","rest")
line1 "test\nrest\nmore" == ("test","rest\nmore")

Escape a string such that it can be inserted into an HTML document or " attribute without any special interpretation. This requires escaping the <, >, & and " characters. Note that it will escape " and ' even though that is not required in an HTML body (but is not harmful).

escapeHTML "this is a test" == "this is a test"
escapeHTML "<b>\"g&t\"</n>" == "&lt;b&gt;&quot;g&amp;t&quot;&lt;/n&gt;"
escapeHTML "t'was another test" == "t&#39;was another test"

Escape a string so it can form part of a JSON literal. This requires escaping the special whitespace and control characters. Additionally, Note that it does not add quote characters around the string.

escapeJSON "this is a test" == "this is a test"
escapeJSON "\ttab\nnewline\\" == "\\ttab\\nnewline\\\\"
escapeJSON "\ESC[0mHello" == "\\u001b[0mHello"

Invert of escapeHTML (does not do general HTML unescaping)

\xs -> unescapeHTML (escapeHTML xs) == xs

General JSON unescaping, inversion of escapeJSON and all other JSON escapes.

\xs -> unescapeJSON (escapeJSON xs) == xs

Drop a number of elements from the end of the list.

dropEnd 3 "hello"  == "he"
dropEnd 5 "bye"    == ""
dropEnd (-1) "bye" == "bye"
\i xs -> dropEnd i xs `isPrefixOf` xs
\i xs -> length (dropEnd i xs) == max 0 (length xs - max 0 i)
\i -> take 3 (dropEnd 5 [i..]) == take 3 [i..]

Take a number of elements from the end of the list.

takeEnd 3 "hello"  == "llo"
takeEnd 5 "bye"    == "bye"
takeEnd (-1) "bye" == ""
\i xs -> takeEnd i xs `isSuffixOf` xs
\i xs -> length (takeEnd i xs) == min (max 0 i) (length xs)

splitAtEnd n xs returns a split where the second element tries to contain n elements.

splitAtEnd 3 "hello" == ("he","llo")
splitAtEnd 3 "he"    == ("", "he")
\i xs -> uncurry (++) (splitAt i xs) == xs
\i xs -> splitAtEnd i xs == (dropEnd i xs, takeEnd i xs)

Break, but from the end.

breakEnd isLower "youRE" == ("you","RE")
breakEnd isLower "youre" == ("youre","")
breakEnd isLower "YOURE" == ("","YOURE")
\f xs -> breakEnd (not . f) xs == spanEnd f  xs

Span, but from the end.

spanEnd isUpper "youRE" == ("you","RE")
spanEnd (not . isSpace) "x y z" == ("x y ","z")
\f xs -> uncurry (++) (spanEnd f xs) == xs
\f xs -> spanEnd f xs == swap (both reverse (span f (reverse xs)))

The dropWhileEnd function drops the largest suffix of a list in which the given predicate holds for all elements. For example:

>>> dropWhileEnd isSpace "foo\n"
"foo"

>>> dropWhileEnd isSpace "foo bar"
"foo bar"

dropWhileEnd isSpace ("foo\n" ++ undefined) == "foo" ++ undefined

Since: base-4.5.0.0

A version of dropWhileEnd but with different strictness properties. The function dropWhileEnd can be used on an infinite list and tests the property on each character. In contrast, dropWhileEnd' is strict in the spine of the list but only tests the trailing suffix. This version usually outperforms dropWhileEnd if the list is short or the test is expensive. Note the tests below cover both the prime and non-prime variants.

dropWhileEnd  isSpace "ab cde  " == "ab cde"
dropWhileEnd' isSpace "ab cde  " == "ab cde"
last (dropWhileEnd  even [undefined,3]) == undefined
last (dropWhileEnd' even [undefined,3]) == 3
head (dropWhileEnd  even (3:undefined)) == 3
head (dropWhileEnd' even (3:undefined)) == undefined

A version of takeWhile operating from the end.

takeWhileEnd even [2,3,4,6] == [4,6]

Return the prefix of the second list if its suffix matches the entire first list.

Examples:

stripSuffix "bar" "foobar" == Just "foo"
stripSuffix ""    "baz"    == Just "baz"
stripSuffix "foo" "quux"   == Nothing

Return the the string before and after the search string, or Nothing if the search string is not present.

Examples:

stripInfix "::" "a::b::c" == Just ("a", "b::c")
stripInfix "/" "foobar"   == Nothing

Similar to stripInfix, but searches from the end of the string.

stripInfixEnd "::" "a::b::c" == Just ("a::b", "c")

Drops the given prefix from a list. It returns the original sequence if the sequence doesn't start with the given prefix.

dropPrefix "Mr. " "Mr. Men" == "Men"
dropPrefix "Mr. " "Dr. Men" == "Dr. Men"

Drops the given suffix from a list. It returns the original sequence if the sequence doesn't end with the given suffix.

dropSuffix "!" "Hello World!"  == "Hello World"
dropSuffix "!" "Hello World!!" == "Hello World!"
dropSuffix "!" "Hello World."  == "Hello World."

A variant of words with a custom test. In particular, adjacent separators are discarded, as are leading or trailing separators.

wordsBy (== ':') "::xyz:abc::123::" == ["xyz","abc","123"]
\s -> wordsBy isSpace s == words s

A variant of lines with a custom test. In particular, if there is a trailing separator it will be discarded.

linesBy (== ':') "::xyz:abc::123::" == ["","","xyz","abc","","123",""]
\s -> linesBy (== '\n') s == lines s
linesBy (== ';') "my;list;here;" == ["my","list","here"]

Find the first instance of needle in haystack. The first element of the returned tuple is the prefix of haystack before needle is matched. The second is the remainder of haystack, starting with the match. If you want the remainder without the match, use stripInfix.

breakOn "::" "a::b::c" == ("a", "::b::c")
breakOn "/" "foobar"   == ("foobar", "")
\needle haystack -> let (prefix,match) = breakOn needle haystack in prefix ++ match == haystack

Similar to breakOn, but searches from the end of the string.

The first element of the returned tuple is the prefix of haystack up to and including the last match of needle. The second is the remainder of haystack, following the match.

breakOnEnd "::" "a::b::c" == ("a::b::", "c")

Break a list into pieces separated by the first list argument, consuming the delimiter. An empty delimiter is invalid, and will cause an error to be raised.

splitOn "\r\n" "a\r\nb\r\nd\r\ne" == ["a","b","d","e"]
splitOn "aaa"  "aaaXaaaXaaaXaaa"  == ["","X","X","X",""]
splitOn "x"    "x"                == ["",""]
splitOn "x"    ""                 == [""]
\s x -> s /= "" ==> intercalate s (splitOn s x) == x
\c x -> splitOn [c] x                           == split (==c) x

Splits a list into components delimited by separators, where the predicate returns True for a separator element. The resulting components do not contain the separators. Two adjacent separators result in an empty component in the output.

split (== 'a') "aabbaca" == ["","","bb","c",""]
split (== 'a') ""        == [""]
split (== ':') "::xyz:abc::123::" == ["","","xyz","abc","","123","",""]
split (== ',') "my,list,here" == ["my","list","here"]

Split a list into chunks of a given size. The last chunk may contain fewer than n elements. The chunk size must be positive.

chunksOf 3 "my test" == ["my ","tes","t"]
chunksOf 3 "mytest"  == ["myt","est"]
chunksOf 8 ""        == []
chunksOf 0 "test"    == undefined

A composition of not and null.

notNull []  == False
notNull [1] == True
\xs -> notNull xs == not (null xs)

Non-recursive transform over a list, like maybe.

list 1 (\v _ -> v - 2) [5,6,7] == 3
list 1 (\v _ -> v - 2) []      == 1
\nil cons xs -> maybe nil (uncurry cons) (uncons xs) == list nil cons xs

Decompose a list into its head and tail. If the list is empty, returns Nothing. If the list is non-empty, returns Just (x, xs), where x is the head of the list and xs its tail.

Since: base-4.8.0.0

If the list is empty returns Nothing, otherwise returns the init and the last.

unsnoc "test" == Just ("tes",'t')
unsnoc ""     == Nothing
\xs -> unsnoc xs == if null xs then Nothing else Just (init xs, last xs)

Append an element to the start of a list, an alias for '(:)'.

cons 't' "est" == "test"
\x xs -> uncons (cons x xs) == Just (x,xs)

Append an element to the end of a list, takes O(n) time.

snoc "tes" 't' == "test"
\xs x -> unsnoc (snoc xs x) == Just (xs,x)

Equivalent to drop 1, but likely to be faster and a single lexeme.

drop1 ""         == ""
drop1 "test"     == "est"
\xs -> drop 1 xs == drop1 xs

Version on concatMap generalised to a Monoid rather than just a list.

mconcatMap Sum [1,2,3] == Sum 6
\f xs -> mconcatMap f xs == concatMap f xs

A combination of group and sort.

groupSort [(1,'t'),(3,'t'),(2,'e'),(2,'s')] == [(1,"t"),(2,"es"),(3,"t")]
\xs -> map fst (groupSort xs) == sort (nub (map fst xs))
\xs -> concatMap snd (groupSort xs) == map snd (sortOn fst xs)

A combination of group and sort, using a part of the value to compare on.

groupSortOn length ["test","of","sized","item"] == [["of"],["test","item"],["sized"]]

A combination of group and sort, using a predicate to compare on.

groupSortBy (compare `on` length) ["test","of","sized","item"] == [["of"],["test","item"],["sized"]]

O(n log n). The nubOrd function removes duplicate elements from a list. In particular, it keeps only the first occurrence of each element. Unlike the standard nub operator, this version requires an Ord instance and consequently runs asymptotically faster.

nubOrd "this is a test" == "this ae"
nubOrd (take 4 ("this" ++ undefined)) == "this"
\xs -> nubOrd xs == nub xs

A version of nubOrd with a custom predicate.

nubOrdBy (compare `on` length) ["a","test","of","this"] == ["a","test","of"]

A version of nubOrd which operates on a portion of the value.

nubOrdOn length ["a","test","of","this"] == ["a","test","of"]

A version of nub where the equality is done on some extracted value. nubOn f is equivalent to nubBy ((==) on f), but has the performance advantage of only evaluating f once for each element in the input list.

A version of group where the equality is done on some extracted value.

Sort a list by comparing the results of a key function applied to each element. sortOn f is equivalent to sortBy (comparing f), but has the performance advantage of only evaluating f once for each element in the input list. This is called the decorate-sort-undecorate paradigm, or Schwartzian transform.

Elements are arranged from from lowest to highest, keeping duplicates in the order they appeared in the input.

>>> sortOn fst [(2, "world"), (4, "!"), (1, "Hello")]
[(1,"Hello"),(2,"world"),(4,"!")]

Since: base-4.8.0.0

O(n log n). The nubSort function sorts and removes duplicate elements from a list. In particular, it keeps only the first occurrence of each element.

nubSort "this is a test" == " aehist"
\xs -> nubSort xs == nub (sort xs)

A version of nubSort with a custom predicate.

nubSortBy (compare `on` length) ["a","test","of","this"] == ["a","of","test"]

A version of nubSort which operates on a portion of the value.

nubSortOn length ["a","test","of","this"] == ["a","of","test"]

A version of maximum where the comparison is done on some extracted value.

A version of minimum where the comparison is done on some extracted value.

Are two lists disjoint, with no elements in common.

disjoint [1,2,3] [4,5] == True
disjoint [1,2,3] [4,1] == False

Are all elements the same.

allSame [1,1,2] == False
allSame [1,1,1] == True
allSame [1]     == True
allSame []      == True
allSame (1:1:2:undefined) == False
\xs -> allSame xs == (length (nub xs) <= 1)

Is there any element which occurs more than once.

anySame [1,1,2] == True
anySame [1,2,3] == False
anySame (1:2:1:undefined) == True
anySame [] == False
\xs -> anySame xs == (length (nub xs) < length xs)

Apply some operation repeatedly, producing an element of output and the remainder of the list.

\xs -> repeatedly (splitAt 3) xs  == chunksOf 3 xs
\xs -> repeatedly word1 (trim xs) == words xs
\xs -> repeatedly line1 xs == lines xs

DEPRECATED Use flip map directly, since this function clashes with Data.Traversable.for.

Flipped version of map.

Find the first element of a list for which the operation returns Just, along with the result of the operation. Like find but useful where the function also computes some expensive information that can be reused. Particular useful when the function is monadic, see firstJustM.

firstJust id [Nothing,Just 3]  == Just 3
firstJust id [Nothing,Nothing] == Nothing

A merging of unzip and concat.

concatUnzip [("a","AB"),("bc","C")] == ("abc","ABC")

A merging of unzip3 and concat.

concatUnzip3 [("a","AB",""),("bc","C","123")] == ("abc","ABC","123")

zip against an enumeration. Never truncates the output - raises an error if the enumeration runs out.

\i xs -> zip [i..] xs == zipFrom i xs
zipFrom False [1..3] == undefined

zipFrom generalised to any combining operation. Never truncates the output - raises an error if the enumeration runs out.

\i xs -> zipWithFrom (,) i xs == zipFrom i xs

Replace a subsequence everywhere it occurs. The first argument must not be the empty list.

replace "el" "_" "Hello Bella" == "H_lo B_la"
replace "el" "e" "Hello"       == "Helo"
replace "" "e" "Hello"         == undefined
\xs ys -> not (null xs) ==> replace xs xs ys == ys

Merge two lists which are assumed to be ordered.

merge "ace" "bd" == "abcde"
\xs ys -> merge (sort xs) (sort ys) == sort (xs ++ ys)

Like merge, but with a custom ordering function.