Wires are fundamentally bidirectional, and in traditional HDLs we can exploit this aspect by explicitly marking the endpoint, or port, of such a wire as inout, thereby making this port function as both a source and a drain for the signals flowing over the wire.

Clash has support for inout ports through the implementation of BiSignals. To cleanly map to functions (and thus support software simulation using Haskell), a BiSignal comes in two parts; the in part:

BiSignalIn (ds :: BiSignalDefault) (dom :: Domain) (n :: Nat)

and the out part:

BiSignalOut (ds :: BiSignalDefault) (dom :: Domain) (n :: Nat)

Where:

• The internal representation is a BitVector
• n indicates the number of bits in the BitVector
• dom is the clock- (and reset-) domain to which the memory elements manipulating these BiSignals belong.
• Lastly, ds indicates the default behavior for the BiSignal if nothing is being written (pull-down, pull-up, or undefined).

BiSignalIn is used by Clash to generate the inout ports on a HDL level, while BiSignalOut is only used for simulation purposes and generally discarded by the compiler.

Example

The following describes a system where two circuits, in alternating fashion, read the current value from the bus, increment it, and write it on the next cycle.

import Clash.Explicit.Prelude
import Clash.Signal.BiSignal

-- | Alternatingly read / increment+write
counter
  :: (Bool, Int)
  -- ^ Internal flip + previous read
  -> Int
  -- ^ Int from inout
  -> ((Bool, Int), Maybe Int)
counter (write, prevread) i = ((write', prevread'), output)
  where
    output    = if write then Just (succ prevread) else Nothing
    prevread' = if write then prevread else i
    write' = not write

-- | Write on odd cyles
f :: Clock System
  -> Reset System
  -> Enable System
  -> BiSignalIn  'Floating System (BitSize Int)
  -> BiSignalOut 'Floating System (BitSize Int)
f clk rst en s = writeToBiSignal s (mealy clk rst en counter (False, 0) (readFromBiSignal s))

-- | Write on even cyles
g :: Clock System
  -> Reset System
  -> Enable System
  -> BiSignalIn  'Floating System (BitSize Int)
  -> BiSignalOut 'Floating System (BitSize Int)
g clk rst en s = writeToBiSignal s (mealy clk rst en counter (True, 0) (readFromBiSignal s))


-- | Connect the f and g circuits to the same bus
topEntity
  :: Clock System
  -> Reset System
  -> Enable System
  -> Signal System Int
topEntity clk rst en = readFromBiSignal bus'
  where
    bus  = mergeBiSignalOuts $ f clk rst en bus' :> g clk rst en bus' :> Nil
    bus' = veryUnsafeToBiSignalIn bus