network-2.6.3.1: Low-level networking interface

Copyright(c) The University of Glasgow 2001
LicenseBSD-style (see the file libraries/network/LICENSE)
Maintainerlibraries@haskell.org
Stabilityprovisional
Portabilityportable
Safe HaskellNone
LanguageHaskell98

Network.Socket

Contents

Description

The Network.Socket module is for when you want full control over sockets. Essentially the entire C socket API is exposed through this module; in general the operations follow the behaviour of the C functions of the same name (consult your favourite Unix networking book).

A higher level interface to networking operations is provided through the module Network.

Synopsis

Types

data Socket Source #

Represents a socket. The fields are, respectively:

  • File descriptor
  • Socket family
  • Socket type
  • Protocol number
  • Status flag

If you are calling the MkSocket constructor directly you should ensure you have called withSocketsDo.

Instances

isSupportedFamily :: Family -> Bool Source #

Does the AF_ constant corresponding to the given family exist on this system?

data SocketType Source #

Socket Types.

The existence of a constructor does not necessarily imply that that socket type is supported on your system: see isSupportedSocketType.

Constructors

NoSocketType

0, used in getAddrInfo hints, for example

Stream

SOCK_STREAM

Datagram

SOCK_DGRAM

Raw

SOCK_RAW

RDM

SOCK_RDM

SeqPacket

SOCK_SEQPACKET

isSupportedSocketType :: SocketType -> Bool Source #

Does the SOCK_ constant corresponding to the given SocketType exist on this system?

data SockAddr Source #

The existence of a constructor does not necessarily imply that that socket address type is supported on your system: see isSupportedSockAddr.

isSupportedSockAddr :: SockAddr -> Bool Source #

Is the socket address type supported on this system?

data SocketStatus Source #

The status of the socket as determined by this library, not necessarily reflecting the state of the connection itself.

For example, the Closed status is applied when the close function is called.

Constructors

NotConnected

Newly created, unconnected socket

Bound

Bound, via bind

Listening

Listening, via listen

Connected

Connected or accepted, via connect or accept

ConvertedToHandle

Is now a Handle (via socketToHandle), don't touch

Closed

Closed was closed by close

type HostAddress = Word32 Source #

The raw network byte order number is read using host byte order. Therefore on little-endian architectures the byte order is swapped. For example 127.0.0.1 is represented as 0x0100007f on little-endian hosts and as 0x7f000001 on big-endian hosts.

For direct manipulation prefer hostAddressToTuple and tupleToHostAddress.

hostAddressToTuple :: HostAddress -> (Word8, Word8, Word8, Word8) Source #

Converts HostAddress to representation-independent IPv4 quadruple. For example for 127.0.0.1 the function will return (0x7f, 0, 0, 1) regardless of host endianness.

tupleToHostAddress :: (Word8, Word8, Word8, Word8) -> HostAddress Source #

Converts IPv4 quadruple to HostAddress.

type HostAddress6 = (Word32, Word32, Word32, Word32) Source #

Independent of endianness. For example ::1 is stored as (0, 0, 0, 1).

For direct manipulation prefer hostAddress6ToTuple and tupleToHostAddress6.

htonl :: Word32 -> Word32 Source #

Converts the from host byte order to network byte order.

ntohl :: Word32 -> Word32 Source #

Converts the from network byte order to host byte order.

defaultProtocol :: ProtocolNumber Source #

This is the default protocol for a given service.

newtype PortNumber Source #

Use the Num instance (i.e. use a literal) to create a PortNumber value with the correct network-byte-ordering. You should not use the PortNum constructor. It will be removed in the next release.

>>> 1 :: PortNumber
1
>>> read "1" :: PortNumber
1

Constructors

PortNum Word16

Deprecated: Do not use the PortNum constructor. Use the Num instance. PortNum will be removed in the next release.

Instances

Enum PortNumber Source # 
Eq PortNumber Source # 
Integral PortNumber Source # 
Num PortNumber Source # 
Ord PortNumber Source # 
Read PortNumber Source # 
Real PortNumber Source # 
Show PortNumber Source # 
Storable PortNumber Source # 

Address operations

type HostName = String Source #

Either a host name e.g., "haskell.org" or a numeric host address string consisting of a dotted decimal IPv4 address or an IPv6 address e.g., "192.168.0.1".

data AddrInfoFlag Source #

Flags that control the querying behaviour of getAddrInfo. For more information, see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3493#page-25

Constructors

AI_ADDRCONFIG

The list of returned AddrInfo values will only contain IPv4 addresses if the local system has at least one IPv4 interface configured, and likewise for IPv6. (Only some platforms support this.)

AI_ALL

If AI_ALL is specified, return all matching IPv6 and IPv4 addresses. Otherwise, this flag has no effect. (Only some platforms support this.)

AI_CANONNAME

The addrCanonName field of the first returned AddrInfo will contain the "canonical name" of the host.

AI_NUMERICHOST

The HostName argument must be a numeric address in string form, and network name lookups will not be attempted.

AI_NUMERICSERV

The ServiceName argument must be a port number in string form, and service name lookups will not be attempted. (Only some platforms support this.)

AI_PASSIVE

If no HostName value is provided, the network address in each SockAddr will be left as a "wild card", i.e. as either iNADDR_ANY or iN6ADDR_ANY. This is useful for server applications that will accept connections from any client.

AI_V4MAPPED

If an IPv6 lookup is performed, and no IPv6 addresses are found, IPv6-mapped IPv4 addresses will be returned. (Only some platforms support this.)

addrInfoFlagImplemented :: AddrInfoFlag -> Bool Source #

Indicate whether the given AddrInfoFlag will have any effect on this system.

defaultHints :: AddrInfo Source #

Default hints for address lookup with getAddrInfo. The values of the addrAddress and addrCanonName fields are undefined, and are never inspected by getAddrInfo.

>>> addrFlags defaultHints
[]
>>> addrFamily defaultHints
AF_UNSPEC
>>> addrSocketType defaultHints
NoSocketType
>>> addrProtocol defaultHints
0

getAddrInfo Source #

Arguments

:: Maybe AddrInfo

preferred socket type or protocol

-> Maybe HostName

host name to look up

-> Maybe ServiceName

service name to look up

-> IO [AddrInfo]

resolved addresses, with "best" first

Resolve a host or service name to one or more addresses. The AddrInfo values that this function returns contain SockAddr values that you can pass directly to connect or bind.

This function is protocol independent. It can return both IPv4 and IPv6 address information.

The AddrInfo argument specifies the preferred query behaviour, socket options, or protocol. You can override these conveniently using Haskell's record update syntax on defaultHints, for example as follows:

>>> let hints = defaultHints { addrFlags = [AI_NUMERICHOST], addrSocketType = Stream }

You must provide a Just value for at least one of the HostName or ServiceName arguments. HostName can be either a numeric network address (dotted quad for IPv4, colon-separated hex for IPv6) or a hostname. In the latter case, its addresses will be looked up unless AI_NUMERICHOST is specified as a hint. If you do not provide a HostName value and do not set AI_PASSIVE as a hint, network addresses in the result will contain the address of the loopback interface.

If the query fails, this function throws an IO exception instead of returning an empty list. Otherwise, it returns a non-empty list of AddrInfo values.

There are several reasons why a query might result in several values. For example, the queried-for host could be multihomed, or the service might be available via several protocols.

Note: the order of arguments is slightly different to that defined for getaddrinfo in RFC 2553. The AddrInfo parameter comes first to make partial application easier.

>>> addr:_ <- getAddrInfo (Just hints) (Just "127.0.0.1") (Just "http")
>>> addrAddress addr
127.0.0.1:80

data NameInfoFlag Source #

Flags that control the querying behaviour of getNameInfo. For more information, see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3493#page-30

Constructors

NI_DGRAM

Resolve a datagram-based service name. This is required only for the few protocols that have different port numbers for their datagram-based versions than for their stream-based versions.

NI_NAMEREQD

If the hostname cannot be looked up, an IO error is thrown.

NI_NOFQDN

If a host is local, return only the hostname part of the FQDN.

NI_NUMERICHOST

The name of the host is not looked up. Instead, a numeric representation of the host's address is returned. For an IPv4 address, this will be a dotted-quad string. For IPv6, it will be colon-separated hexadecimal.

NI_NUMERICSERV

The name of the service is not looked up. Instead, a numeric representation of the service is returned.

getNameInfo Source #

Arguments

:: [NameInfoFlag]

flags to control lookup behaviour

-> Bool

whether to look up a hostname

-> Bool

whether to look up a service name

-> SockAddr

the address to look up

-> IO (Maybe HostName, Maybe ServiceName) 

Resolve an address to a host or service name. This function is protocol independent. The list of NameInfoFlag values controls query behaviour.

If a host or service's name cannot be looked up, then the numeric form of the address or service will be returned.

If the query fails, this function throws an IO exception.

Example: (hostName, _) <- getNameInfo [] True False myAddress

Socket operations

socket :: Family -> SocketType -> ProtocolNumber -> IO Socket Source #

Create a new socket using the given address family, socket type and protocol number. The address family is usually AF_INET, AF_INET6, or AF_UNIX. The socket type is usually Stream or Datagram. The protocol number is usually defaultProtocol. If AF_INET6 is used and the socket type is Stream or Datagram, the IPv6Only socket option is set to 0 so that both IPv4 and IPv6 can be handled with one socket.

>>> let hints = defaultHints { addrFlags = [AI_NUMERICHOST, AI_NUMERICSERV], addrSocketType = Stream }
>>> addr:_ <- getAddrInfo (Just hints) (Just "127.0.0.1") (Just "5000")
>>> sock@(MkSocket _ fam stype _ _) <- socket (addrFamily addr) (addrSocketType addr) (addrProtocol addr)
>>> fam
AF_INET
>>> stype
Stream
>>> bind sock (addrAddress addr)
>>> getSocketName sock
127.0.0.1:5000

socketPair :: Family -> SocketType -> ProtocolNumber -> IO (Socket, Socket) Source #

Build a pair of connected socket objects using the given address family, socket type, and protocol number. Address family, socket type, and protocol number are as for the socket function above. Availability: Unix.

connect :: Socket -> SockAddr -> IO () Source #

Connect to a remote socket at address.

bind :: Socket -> SockAddr -> IO () Source #

Bind the socket to an address. The socket must not already be bound. The Family passed to bind must be the same as that passed to socket. If the special port number aNY_PORT is passed then the system assigns the next available use port.

listen :: Socket -> Int -> IO () Source #

Listen for connections made to the socket. The second argument specifies the maximum number of queued connections and should be at least 1; the maximum value is system-dependent (usually 5).

accept :: Socket -> IO (Socket, SockAddr) Source #

Accept a connection. The socket must be bound to an address and listening for connections. The return value is a pair (conn, address) where conn is a new socket object usable to send and receive data on the connection, and address is the address bound to the socket on the other end of the connection.

getPeerCred :: Socket -> IO (CUInt, CUInt, CUInt) Source #

Returns the processID, userID and groupID of the socket's peer.

Only available on platforms that support SO_PEERCRED or GETPEEREID(3) on domain sockets. GETPEEREID(3) returns userID and groupID. processID is always 0.

socketToHandle :: Socket -> IOMode -> IO Handle Source #

Turns a Socket into an Handle. By default, the new handle is unbuffered. Use hSetBuffering to change the buffering.

Note that since a Handle is automatically closed by a finalizer when it is no longer referenced, you should avoid doing any more operations on the Socket after calling socketToHandle. To close the Socket after socketToHandle, call hClose on the Handle.

Sending and receiving data

Sending and receiving with String

Do not use the send and recv functions defined in this section in new code, as they incorrectly represent binary data as a Unicode string. As a result, these functions are inefficient and may lead to bugs in the program. Instead use the send and recv functions defined in the Network.Socket.ByteString module.

send :: Socket -> String -> IO Int Source #

Warning: Use send defined in Network.Socket.ByteString

Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote socket. Returns the number of bytes sent. Applications are responsible for ensuring that all data has been sent.

Sending data to closed socket may lead to undefined behaviour.

sendTo :: Socket -> String -> SockAddr -> IO Int Source #

Warning: Use sendTo defined in Network.Socket.ByteString

Send data to the socket. The recipient can be specified explicitly, so the socket need not be in a connected state. Returns the number of bytes sent. Applications are responsible for ensuring that all data has been sent.

NOTE: blocking on Windows unless you compile with -threaded (see GHC ticket #1129)

recv :: Socket -> Int -> IO String Source #

Warning: Use recv defined in Network.Socket.ByteString

Receive data from the socket. The socket must be in a connected state. This function may return fewer bytes than specified. If the message is longer than the specified length, it may be discarded depending on the type of socket. This function may block until a message arrives.

Considering hardware and network realities, the maximum number of bytes to receive should be a small power of 2, e.g., 4096.

For TCP sockets, a zero length return value means the peer has closed its half side of the connection.

Receiving data from closed socket may lead to undefined behaviour.

recvFrom :: Socket -> Int -> IO (String, Int, SockAddr) Source #

Warning: Use recvFrom defined in Network.Socket.ByteString

Receive data from the socket. The socket need not be in a connected state. Returns (bytes, nbytes, address) where bytes is a String of length nbytes representing the data received and address is a SockAddr representing the address of the sending socket.

NOTE: blocking on Windows unless you compile with -threaded (see GHC ticket #1129)

recvLen :: Socket -> Int -> IO (String, Int) Source #

Warning: Use recvLen defined in Network.Socket.ByteString

Sending and receiving with a buffer

sendBuf :: Socket -> Ptr Word8 -> Int -> IO Int Source #

Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote socket. Returns the number of bytes sent. Applications are responsible for ensuring that all data has been sent.

Sending data to closed socket may lead to undefined behaviour.

recvBuf :: Socket -> Ptr Word8 -> Int -> IO Int Source #

Receive data from the socket. The socket must be in a connected state. This function may return fewer bytes than specified. If the message is longer than the specified length, it may be discarded depending on the type of socket. This function may block until a message arrives.

Considering hardware and network realities, the maximum number of bytes to receive should be a small power of 2, e.g., 4096.

For TCP sockets, a zero length return value means the peer has closed its half side of the connection.

Receiving data from closed socket may lead to undefined behaviour.

sendBufTo :: Socket -> Ptr a -> Int -> SockAddr -> IO Int Source #

Send data to the socket. The recipient can be specified explicitly, so the socket need not be in a connected state. Returns the number of bytes sent. Applications are responsible for ensuring that all data has been sent.

recvBufFrom :: Socket -> Ptr a -> Int -> IO (Int, SockAddr) Source #

Receive data from the socket, writing it into buffer instead of creating a new string. The socket need not be in a connected state. Returns (nbytes, address) where nbytes is the number of bytes received and address is a SockAddr representing the address of the sending socket.

NOTE: blocking on Windows unless you compile with -threaded (see GHC ticket #1129)

Misc

shutdown :: Socket -> ShutdownCmd -> IO () Source #

Shut down one or both halves of the connection, depending on the second argument to the function. If the second argument is ShutdownReceive, further receives are disallowed. If it is ShutdownSend, further sends are disallowed. If it is ShutdownBoth, further sends and receives are disallowed.

close :: Socket -> IO () Source #

Close the socket. Sending data to or receiving data from closed socket may lead to undefined behaviour.

Predicates on sockets

isConnected :: Socket -> IO Bool Source #

Determines whether close has been used on the Socket. This does not indicate any status about the socket beyond this. If the socket has been closed remotely, this function can still return True.

Socket options

data SocketOption Source #

Socket options for use with setSocketOption and getSocketOption.

The existence of a constructor does not imply that the relevant option is supported on your system: see isSupportedSocketOption

Constructors

Debug

SO_DEBUG

ReuseAddr

SO_REUSEADDR

Type

SO_TYPE

SoError

SO_ERROR

DontRoute

SO_DONTROUTE

Broadcast

SO_BROADCAST

SendBuffer

SO_SNDBUF

RecvBuffer

SO_RCVBUF

KeepAlive

SO_KEEPALIVE

OOBInline

SO_OOBINLINE

TimeToLive

IP_TTL

MaxSegment

TCP_MAXSEG

NoDelay

TCP_NODELAY

Cork

TCP_CORK

Linger

SO_LINGER

ReusePort

SO_REUSEPORT

RecvLowWater

SO_RCVLOWAT

SendLowWater

SO_SNDLOWAT

RecvTimeOut

SO_RCVTIMEO

SendTimeOut

SO_SNDTIMEO

UseLoopBack

SO_USELOOPBACK

UserTimeout

TCP_USER_TIMEOUT

IPv6Only

IPV6_V6ONLY

CustomSockOpt (CInt, CInt) 

isSupportedSocketOption :: SocketOption -> Bool Source #

Does the SocketOption exist on this system?

getSocketOption :: Socket -> SocketOption -> IO Int Source #

Get a socket option that gives an Int value. There is currently no API to get e.g. the timeval socket options

setSocketOption :: Socket -> SocketOption -> Int -> IO () Source #

Set a socket option that expects an Int value. There is currently no API to set e.g. the timeval socket options

File descriptor transmission

sendFd :: Socket -> CInt -> IO () Source #

Special constants

iNADDR_ANY :: HostAddress Source #

The IPv4 wild card address.

iN6ADDR_ANY :: HostAddress6 Source #

The IPv6 wild card address.

maxListenQueue :: Int Source #

This is the value of SOMAXCONN, typically 128. 128 is good enough for normal network servers but is too small for high performance servers.

Initialisation

withSocketsDo :: IO a -> IO a Source #

With older versions of the network library on Windows operating systems, the networking subsystem must be initialised using withSocketsDo before any networking operations can be used. eg.

main = withSocketsDo $ do {...}

It is fine to nest calls to withSocketsDo, and to perform networking operations after withSocketsDo has returned.

In newer versions of the network library it is only necessary to call withSocketsDo if you are calling the MkSocket constructor directly. However, for compatibility with older versions on Windows, it is good practice to always call withSocketsDo (it's very cheap).

Very low level operations

Deprecated aliases

These aliases are deprecated and should not be used in new code. They will be removed in some future version of the package.

bindSocket :: Socket -> SockAddr -> IO () Source #

Deprecated: use bind

Deprecated alias for bind.

sClose :: Socket -> IO () Source #

Deprecated: use close

Deprecated alias for close.

sIsConnected :: Socket -> IO Bool Source #

Deprecated: use isConnected

Deprecated alias for isConnected.

sIsBound :: Socket -> IO Bool Source #

Deprecated: use isBound

Deprecated alias for isBound.

sIsListening :: Socket -> IO Bool Source #

Deprecated: use isListening

Deprecated alias for isListening.

sIsReadable :: Socket -> IO Bool Source #

Deprecated: use isReadable

Deprecated alias for isReadable.

sIsWritable :: Socket -> IO Bool Source #

Deprecated: use isWritable

Deprecated alias for isWritable.

Internal

The following are exported ONLY for use in the BSD module and should not be used anywhere else.

Orphan instances