Calculate the integer square root of a nonnegative number n, that is, the largest integer r with r*r <= n. Throws an error on negative input.

Calculate the integer square root of a nonnegative number n, that is, the largest integer r with r*r <= n. The precondition n >= 0 is not checked.

Calculate the integer square root of a nonnegative number as well as the difference of that number with the square of that root, that is if (s,r) = integerSquareRootRem n then s^2 <= n == s^2+r < (s+1)^2.

Calculate the integer square root of a nonnegative number as well as the difference of that number with the square of that root, that is if (s,r) = integerSquareRootRem' n then s^2 <= n == s^2+r < (s+1)^2. The precondition n >= 0 is not checked.

Returns Nothing if the argument is not a square, Just r if r*r == n and r >= 0. Avoids the expensive calculation of the square root if n is recognized as a non-square before, prevents repeated calculation of the square root if only the roots of perfect squares are needed. Checks for negativity and isPossibleSquare.

Test whether the argument is a square. After a number is found to be positive, first isPossibleSquare is checked, if it is, the integer square root is calculated.

Test whether the input (a nonnegative number) n is a square. The same as isSquare, but without the negativity test. Faster if many known positive numbers are tested.

The precondition n >= 0 is not tested, passing negative arguments may cause any kind of havoc.

Test whether a non-negative number may be a square. Non-negativity is not checked, passing negative arguments may cause any kind of havoc.

First the remainder modulo 256 is checked (that can be calculated easily without division and eliminates about 82% of all numbers). After that, the remainders modulo 9, 25, 7, 11 and 13 are tested to eliminate altogether about 99.436% of all numbers.

This is the test used by exactSquareRoot. For large numbers, the slower but more discriminating test isPossibleSquare2 is faster.

Test whether a non-negative number may be a square. Non-negativity is not checked, passing negative arguments may cause any kind of havoc.

First the remainder modulo 256 is checked (that can be calculated easily without division and eliminates about 82% of all numbers). After that, the remainders modulo several small primes are tested to eliminate altogether about 99.98954% of all numbers.

For smallish to medium sized numbers, this hardly performs better than isPossibleSquare, which uses smaller arrays, but for large numbers, where calculating the square root becomes more expensive, it is much faster (if the vast majority of tested numbers aren't squares).