> {-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses #-} > module Main ( main ) where > > import Data.Functor.Identity > import Control.Monad > > import Control.Monad.Shade A shade can be used to save heterogeneous types in containers with the same type e.g. using a type-class as a common denominator: > showshade :: Applicative m => Show a => a -> Shade m String > showshade a = pure (show a) > > hetero :: Shade Identity String > hetero = mconcat [ showshade () , showshade 2 , showshade "hej" ] The values inside a shade are stored in a context. We can swap this context by defining a transfer function: > idToIO :: Identity b -> IO b > idToIO (Identity v) = putStrLn "Transferring" *> pure v The context is switched using `transfer` and we can access the value in this new context by using `shadow`: > runInIO :: Shade Identity a -> IO a > runInIO = shadow . transfer idToIO The point to note about this example is that the values are stored in an shades with the identity as context. We can manipulate this context including the value. We cannot, however inspect the value since it is universally quantified. > noisy :: String -> Shade Identity (IO ()) > noisy s = pure (putStrLn s) > main :: IO () > main = do > r <- runInIO hetero > putStrLn r > join . runInIO . mconcat . map (noisy . show) $ [0..10]