{-
(c) The University of Glasgow 2006
(c) The GRASP/AQUA Project, Glasgow University, 1992-1998
-}

{-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}
module CoreOpt (
        -- ** Simple expression optimiser
        simpleOptPgm, simpleOptExpr, simpleOptExprWith,

        -- ** Join points
        joinPointBinding_maybe, joinPointBindings_maybe,

        -- ** Predicates on expressions
        exprIsConApp_maybe, exprIsLiteral_maybe, exprIsLambda_maybe,

        -- ** Coercions and casts
        pushCoArg, pushCoValArg, pushCoTyArg, collectBindersPushingCo
    ) where

#include "HsVersions.h"

import GhcPrelude

import CoreArity( etaExpandToJoinPoint )

import CoreSyn
import CoreSubst
import CoreUtils
import CoreFVs
import PprCore  ( pprCoreBindings, pprRules )
import OccurAnal( occurAnalyseExpr, occurAnalysePgm )
import Literal  ( Literal(MachStr) )
import Id
import Var      ( varType )
import VarSet
import VarEnv
import DataCon
import OptCoercion ( optCoercion )
import Type     hiding ( substTy, extendTvSubst, extendCvSubst, extendTvSubstList
                       , isInScope, substTyVarBndr, cloneTyVarBndr )
import Coercion hiding ( substCo, substCoVarBndr )
import TyCon        ( tyConArity )
import TysWiredIn
import PrelNames
import BasicTypes
import Module       ( Module )
import ErrUtils
import DynFlags
import Outputable
import Pair
import Util
import Maybes       ( orElse )
import FastString
import Data.List
import qualified Data.ByteString as BS

{-
************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
        The Simple Optimiser
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************

Note [The simple optimiser]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The simple optimiser is a lightweight, pure (non-monadic) function
that rapidly does a lot of simple optimisations, including

  - inlining things that occur just once,
      or whose RHS turns out to be trivial
  - beta reduction
  - case of known constructor
  - dead code elimination

It does NOT do any call-site inlining; it only inlines a function if
it can do so unconditionally, dropping the binding.  It thereby
guarantees to leave no un-reduced beta-redexes.

It is careful to follow the guidance of "Secrets of the GHC inliner",
and in particular the pre-inline-unconditionally and
post-inline-unconditionally story, to do effective beta reduction on
functions called precisely once, without repeatedly optimising the same
expression.  In fact, the simple optimiser is a good example of this
little dance in action; the full Simplifier is a lot more complicated.

-}

simpleOptExpr :: CoreExpr -> CoreExpr
-- See Note [The simple optimiser]
-- Do simple optimisation on an expression
-- The optimisation is very straightforward: just
-- inline non-recursive bindings that are used only once,
-- or where the RHS is trivial
--
-- We also inline bindings that bind a Eq# box: see
-- See Note [Getting the map/coerce RULE to work].
--
-- Also we convert functions to join points where possible (as
-- the occurrence analyser does most of the work anyway).
--
-- The result is NOT guaranteed occurrence-analysed, because
-- in  (let x = y in ....) we substitute for x; so y's occ-info
-- may change radically

simpleOptExpr expr
  = -- pprTrace "simpleOptExpr" (ppr init_subst $$ ppr expr)
    simpleOptExprWith init_subst expr
  where
    init_subst = mkEmptySubst (mkInScopeSet (exprFreeVars expr))
        -- It's potentially important to make a proper in-scope set
        -- Consider  let x = ..y.. in \y. ...x...
        -- Then we should remember to clone y before substituting
        -- for x.  It's very unlikely to occur, because we probably
        -- won't *be* substituting for x if it occurs inside a
        -- lambda.
        --
        -- It's a bit painful to call exprFreeVars, because it makes
        -- three passes instead of two (occ-anal, and go)

simpleOptExprWith :: Subst -> InExpr -> OutExpr
-- See Note [The simple optimiser]
simpleOptExprWith subst expr
  = simple_opt_expr init_env (occurAnalyseExpr expr)
  where
    init_env = SOE { soe_inl = emptyVarEnv, soe_subst = subst }

----------------------
simpleOptPgm :: DynFlags -> Module
             -> CoreProgram -> [CoreRule] -> [CoreVect]
             -> IO (CoreProgram, [CoreRule], [CoreVect])
-- See Note [The simple optimiser]
simpleOptPgm dflags this_mod binds rules vects
  = do { dumpIfSet_dyn dflags Opt_D_dump_occur_anal "Occurrence analysis"
                       (pprCoreBindings occ_anald_binds $$ pprRules rules );

       ; return (reverse binds', rules', vects') }
  where
    occ_anald_binds  = occurAnalysePgm this_mod (\_ -> False) {- No rules active -}
                                       rules vects emptyVarSet binds

    (final_env, binds') = foldl do_one (emptyEnv, []) occ_anald_binds
    final_subst = soe_subst final_env

    rules' = substRulesForImportedIds final_subst rules
    vects' = substVects final_subst vects
             -- We never unconditionally inline into rules,
             -- hence paying just a substitution

    do_one (env, binds') bind
      = case simple_opt_bind env bind of
          (env', Nothing)    -> (env', binds')
          (env', Just bind') -> (env', bind':binds')

-- In these functions the substitution maps InVar -> OutExpr

----------------------
type SimpleClo = (SimpleOptEnv, InExpr)

data SimpleOptEnv
  = SOE { soe_inl   :: IdEnv SimpleClo
             -- Deals with preInlineUnconditionally; things
             -- that occur exactly once and are inlined
             -- without having first been simplified

        , soe_subst :: Subst
             -- Deals with cloning; includes the InScopeSet
        }

instance Outputable SimpleOptEnv where
  ppr (SOE { soe_inl = inl, soe_subst = subst })
    = text "SOE {" <+> vcat [ text "soe_inl   =" <+> ppr inl
                            , text "soe_subst =" <+> ppr subst ]
                   <+> text "}"

emptyEnv :: SimpleOptEnv
emptyEnv = SOE { soe_inl = emptyVarEnv
               , soe_subst = emptySubst }

soeZapSubst :: SimpleOptEnv -> SimpleOptEnv
soeZapSubst (SOE { soe_subst = subst })
  = SOE { soe_inl = emptyVarEnv, soe_subst = zapSubstEnv subst }

soeSetInScope :: SimpleOptEnv -> SimpleOptEnv -> SimpleOptEnv
-- Take in-scope set from env1, and the rest from env2
soeSetInScope (SOE { soe_subst = subst1 })
              env2@(SOE { soe_subst = subst2 })
  = env2 { soe_subst = setInScope subst2 (substInScope subst1) }

---------------
simple_opt_clo :: SimpleOptEnv -> SimpleClo -> OutExpr
simple_opt_clo env (e_env, e)
  = simple_opt_expr (soeSetInScope env e_env) e

simple_opt_expr :: SimpleOptEnv -> InExpr -> OutExpr
simple_opt_expr env expr
  = go expr
  where
    subst        = soe_subst env
    in_scope     = substInScope subst
    in_scope_env = (in_scope, simpleUnfoldingFun)

    go (Var v)
       | Just clo <- lookupVarEnv (soe_inl env) v
       = simple_opt_clo env clo
       | otherwise
       = lookupIdSubst (text "simpleOptExpr") (soe_subst env) v

    go (App e1 e2)      = simple_app env e1 [(env,e2)]
    go (Type ty)        = Type     (substTy subst ty)
    go (Coercion co)    = Coercion (optCoercion (getTCvSubst subst) co)
    go (Lit lit)        = Lit lit
    go (Tick tickish e) = mkTick (substTickish subst tickish) (go e)
    go (Cast e co)      | isReflCo co' = go e
                        | otherwise    = Cast (go e) co'
                        where
                          co' = optCoercion (getTCvSubst subst) co

    go (Let bind body) = case simple_opt_bind env bind of
                           (env', Nothing)   -> simple_opt_expr env' body
                           (env', Just bind) -> Let bind (simple_opt_expr env' body)

    go lam@(Lam {})     = go_lam env [] lam
    go (Case e b ty as)
       -- See Note [Getting the map/coerce RULE to work]
      | isDeadBinder b
      , Just (con, _tys, es) <- exprIsConApp_maybe in_scope_env e'
      , Just (altcon, bs, rhs) <- findAlt (DataAlt con) as
      = case altcon of
          DEFAULT -> go rhs
          _       -> foldr wrapLet (simple_opt_expr env' rhs) mb_prs
            where
              (env', mb_prs) = mapAccumL simple_out_bind env $
                               zipEqual "simpleOptExpr" bs es

         -- Note [Getting the map/coerce RULE to work]
      | isDeadBinder b
      , [(DEFAULT, _, rhs)] <- as
      , isCoercionType (varType b)
      , (Var fun, _args) <- collectArgs e
      , fun `hasKey` coercibleSCSelIdKey
         -- without this last check, we get #11230
      = go rhs

      | otherwise
      = Case e' b' (substTy subst ty)
                   (map (go_alt env') as)
      where
        e' = go e
        (env', b') = subst_opt_bndr env b

    ----------------------
    go_alt env (con, bndrs, rhs)
      = (con, bndrs', simple_opt_expr env' rhs)
      where
        (env', bndrs') = subst_opt_bndrs env bndrs

    ----------------------
    -- go_lam tries eta reduction
    go_lam env bs' (Lam b e)
       = go_lam env' (b':bs') e
       where
         (env', b') = subst_opt_bndr env b
    go_lam env bs' e
       | Just etad_e <- tryEtaReduce bs e' = etad_e
       | otherwise                         = mkLams bs e'
       where
         bs = reverse bs'
         e' = simple_opt_expr env e

----------------------
-- simple_app collects arguments for beta reduction
simple_app :: SimpleOptEnv -> InExpr -> [SimpleClo] -> CoreExpr

simple_app env (Var v) as
  | Just (env', e) <- lookupVarEnv (soe_inl env) v
  = simple_app (soeSetInScope env env') e as

  | let unf = idUnfolding v
  , isCompulsoryUnfolding (idUnfolding v)
  , isAlwaysActive (idInlineActivation v)
    -- See Note [Unfold compulsory unfoldings in LHSs]
  = simple_app (soeZapSubst env) (unfoldingTemplate unf) as

  | otherwise
  , let out_fn = lookupIdSubst (text "simple_app") (soe_subst env) v
  = finish_app env out_fn as

simple_app env (App e1 e2) as
  = simple_app env e1 ((env, e2) : as)

simple_app env (Lam b e) (a:as)
  = wrapLet mb_pr (simple_app env' e as)
  where
     (env', mb_pr) = simple_bind_pair env b Nothing a

simple_app env (Tick t e) as
  -- Okay to do "(Tick t e) x ==> Tick t (e x)"?
  | t `tickishScopesLike` SoftScope
  = mkTick t $ simple_app env e as

simple_app env e as
  = finish_app env (simple_opt_expr env e) as

finish_app :: SimpleOptEnv -> OutExpr -> [SimpleClo] -> OutExpr
finish_app _ fun []
  = fun
finish_app env fun (arg:args)
  = finish_app env (App fun (simple_opt_clo env arg)) args

----------------------
simple_opt_bind :: SimpleOptEnv -> InBind
                -> (SimpleOptEnv, Maybe OutBind)
simple_opt_bind env (NonRec b r)
  = (env', case mb_pr of
            Nothing    -> Nothing
            Just (b,r) -> Just (NonRec b r))
  where
    (b', r') = joinPointBinding_maybe b r `orElse` (b, r)
    (env', mb_pr) = simple_bind_pair env b' Nothing (env,r')

simple_opt_bind env (Rec prs)
  = (env'', res_bind)
  where
    res_bind          = Just (Rec (reverse rev_prs'))
    prs'              = joinPointBindings_maybe prs `orElse` prs
    (env', bndrs')    = subst_opt_bndrs env (map fst prs')
    (env'', rev_prs') = foldl do_pr (env', []) (prs' `zip` bndrs')
    do_pr (env, prs) ((b,r), b')
       = (env', case mb_pr of
                  Just pr -> pr : prs
                  Nothing -> prs)
       where
         (env', mb_pr) = simple_bind_pair env b (Just b') (env,r)

----------------------
simple_bind_pair :: SimpleOptEnv
                 -> InVar -> Maybe OutVar
                 -> SimpleClo
                 -> (SimpleOptEnv, Maybe (OutVar, OutExpr))
    -- (simple_bind_pair subst in_var out_rhs)
    --   either extends subst with (in_var -> out_rhs)
    --   or     returns Nothing
simple_bind_pair env@(SOE { soe_inl = inl_env, soe_subst = subst })
                 in_bndr mb_out_bndr clo@(rhs_env, in_rhs)
  | Type ty <- in_rhs        -- let a::* = TYPE ty in <body>
  , let out_ty = substTy (soe_subst rhs_env) ty
  = ASSERT( isTyVar in_bndr )
    (env { soe_subst = extendTvSubst subst in_bndr out_ty }, Nothing)

  | Coercion co <- in_rhs
  , let out_co = optCoercion (getTCvSubst (soe_subst rhs_env)) co
  = ASSERT( isCoVar in_bndr )
    (env { soe_subst = extendCvSubst subst in_bndr out_co }, Nothing)

  | pre_inline_unconditionally
  = (env { soe_inl = extendVarEnv inl_env in_bndr clo }, Nothing)

  | otherwise
  = simple_out_bind_pair env in_bndr mb_out_bndr
                         (simple_opt_clo env clo)
                         occ active stable_unf
  where
    stable_unf = isStableUnfolding (idUnfolding in_bndr)
    active     = isAlwaysActive (idInlineActivation in_bndr)
    occ        = idOccInfo in_bndr

    pre_inline_unconditionally :: Bool
    pre_inline_unconditionally
       | isCoVar in_bndr          = False    -- See Note [Do not inline CoVars unconditionally]
       | isExportedId in_bndr     = False    --     in SimplUtils
       | stable_unf               = False
       | not active               = False    -- Note [Inline prag in simplOpt]
       | not (safe_to_inline occ) = False
       | otherwise = True

        -- Unconditionally safe to inline
    safe_to_inline :: OccInfo -> Bool
    safe_to_inline (IAmALoopBreaker {}) = False
    safe_to_inline IAmDead              = True
    safe_to_inline occ@(OneOcc {})      =  not (occ_in_lam occ)
                                        && occ_one_br occ
    safe_to_inline (ManyOccs {})        = False

-------------------
simple_out_bind :: SimpleOptEnv -> (InVar, OutExpr)
                -> (SimpleOptEnv, Maybe (OutVar, OutExpr))
simple_out_bind env@(SOE { soe_subst = subst }) (in_bndr, out_rhs)
  | Type out_ty <- out_rhs
  = ASSERT( isTyVar in_bndr )
    (env { soe_subst = extendTvSubst subst in_bndr out_ty }, Nothing)

  | Coercion out_co <- out_rhs
  = ASSERT( isCoVar in_bndr )
    (env { soe_subst = extendCvSubst subst in_bndr out_co }, Nothing)

  | otherwise
  = simple_out_bind_pair env in_bndr Nothing out_rhs
                         (idOccInfo in_bndr) True False

-------------------
simple_out_bind_pair :: SimpleOptEnv
                     -> InId -> Maybe OutId -> OutExpr
                     -> OccInfo -> Bool -> Bool
                     -> (SimpleOptEnv, Maybe (OutVar, OutExpr))
simple_out_bind_pair env in_bndr mb_out_bndr out_rhs
                     occ_info active stable_unf
  | post_inline_unconditionally
  = ( env' { soe_subst = extendIdSubst (soe_subst env) in_bndr out_rhs }
    , Nothing)

  | otherwise
  = ( env', Just (out_bndr, out_rhs) )
  where
    (env', bndr1) = case mb_out_bndr of
                      Just out_bndr -> (env, out_bndr)
                      Nothing       -> subst_opt_bndr env in_bndr
    out_bndr = add_info env' in_bndr bndr1

    post_inline_unconditionally :: Bool
    post_inline_unconditionally
       | not active                  = False
       | isWeakLoopBreaker occ_info  = False -- If it's a loop-breaker of any kind, don't inline
                                             -- because it might be referred to "earlier"
       | stable_unf                  = False -- Note [Stable unfoldings and postInlineUnconditionally]
       | isExportedId in_bndr        = False -- Note [Exported Ids and trivial RHSs]
       | exprIsTrivial out_rhs       = True
       | coercible_hack              = True
       | otherwise                   = False

    -- See Note [Getting the map/coerce RULE to work]
    coercible_hack | (Var fun, args) <- collectArgs out_rhs
                   , Just dc <- isDataConWorkId_maybe fun
                   , dc `hasKey` heqDataConKey || dc `hasKey` coercibleDataConKey
                   = all exprIsTrivial args
                   | otherwise
                   = False

{- Note [Exported Ids and trivial RHSs]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
We obviously do not want to unconditionally inline an Id that is exported.
In SimplUtils, Note [Top level and postInlineUnconditionally], we
explain why we don't inline /any/ top-level things unconditionally, even
trivial ones.  But we do here!  Why?  In the simple optimiser

  * We do no rule rewrites
  * We do no call-site inlining

Those differences obviate the reasons for not inlining a trivial rhs,
and increase the benefit for doing so.  So we unconditionally inline trivial
rhss here.
-}

----------------------
subst_opt_bndrs :: SimpleOptEnv -> [InVar] -> (SimpleOptEnv, [OutVar])
subst_opt_bndrs env bndrs = mapAccumL subst_opt_bndr env bndrs

subst_opt_bndr :: SimpleOptEnv -> InVar -> (SimpleOptEnv, OutVar)
subst_opt_bndr env bndr
  | isTyVar bndr  = (env { soe_subst = subst_tv }, tv')
  | isCoVar bndr  = (env { soe_subst = subst_cv }, cv')
  | otherwise     = subst_opt_id_bndr env bndr
  where
    subst           = soe_subst env
    (subst_tv, tv') = substTyVarBndr subst bndr
    (subst_cv, cv') = substCoVarBndr subst bndr

subst_opt_id_bndr :: SimpleOptEnv -> InId -> (SimpleOptEnv, OutId)
-- Nuke all fragile IdInfo, unfolding, and RULES;
--    it gets added back later by add_info
-- Rather like SimplEnv.substIdBndr
--
-- It's important to zap fragile OccInfo (which CoreSubst.substIdBndr
-- carefully does not do) because simplOptExpr invalidates it

subst_opt_id_bndr (SOE { soe_subst = subst, soe_inl = inl }) old_id
  = (SOE { soe_subst = new_subst, soe_inl = new_inl }, new_id)
  where
    Subst in_scope id_subst tv_subst cv_subst = subst

    id1    = uniqAway in_scope old_id
    id2    = setIdType id1 (substTy subst (idType old_id))
    new_id = zapFragileIdInfo id2
             -- Zaps rules, unfolding, and fragile OccInfo
             -- The unfolding and rules will get added back later, by add_info

    new_in_scope = in_scope `extendInScopeSet` new_id

    no_change = new_id == old_id

        -- Extend the substitution if the unique has changed,
        -- See the notes with substTyVarBndr for the delSubstEnv
    new_id_subst
      | no_change = delVarEnv id_subst old_id
      | otherwise = extendVarEnv id_subst old_id (Var new_id)

    new_subst = Subst new_in_scope new_id_subst tv_subst cv_subst
    new_inl   = delVarEnv inl old_id

----------------------
add_info :: SimpleOptEnv -> InVar -> OutVar -> OutVar
add_info env old_bndr new_bndr
 | isTyVar old_bndr = new_bndr
 | otherwise        = maybeModifyIdInfo mb_new_info new_bndr
 where
   subst = soe_subst env
   mb_new_info = substIdInfo subst new_bndr (idInfo old_bndr)

simpleUnfoldingFun :: IdUnfoldingFun
simpleUnfoldingFun id
  | isAlwaysActive (idInlineActivation id) = idUnfolding id
  | otherwise                              = noUnfolding

wrapLet :: Maybe (Id,CoreExpr) -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr
wrapLet Nothing      body = body
wrapLet (Just (b,r)) body = Let (NonRec b r) body

------------------
substVects :: Subst -> [CoreVect] -> [CoreVect]
substVects subst = map (substVect subst)

------------------
substVect :: Subst -> CoreVect -> CoreVect
substVect subst  (Vect v rhs)        = Vect v (simpleOptExprWith subst rhs)
substVect _subst vd@(NoVect _)       = vd
substVect _subst vd@(VectType _ _ _) = vd
substVect _subst vd@(VectClass _)    = vd
substVect _subst vd@(VectInst _)     = vd

{-
Note [Inline prag in simplOpt]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If there's an INLINE/NOINLINE pragma that restricts the phase in
which the binder can be inlined, we don't inline here; after all,
we don't know what phase we're in.  Here's an example

  foo :: Int -> Int -> Int
  {-# INLINE foo #-}
  foo m n = inner m
     where
       {-# INLINE [1] inner #-}
       inner m = m+n

  bar :: Int -> Int
  bar n = foo n 1

When inlining 'foo' in 'bar' we want the let-binding for 'inner'
to remain visible until Phase 1

Note [Unfold compulsory unfoldings in LHSs]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When the user writes `RULES map coerce = coerce` as a rule, the rule
will only ever match if simpleOptExpr replaces coerce by its unfolding
on the LHS, because that is the core that the rule matching engine
will find. So do that for everything that has a compulsory
unfolding. Also see Note [Desugaring coerce as cast] in Desugar.

However, we don't want to inline 'seq', which happens to also have a
compulsory unfolding, so we only do this unfolding only for things
that are always-active.  See Note [User-defined RULES for seq] in MkId.

Note [Getting the map/coerce RULE to work]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
We wish to allow the "map/coerce" RULE to fire:

  {-# RULES "map/coerce" map coerce = coerce #-}

The naive core produced for this is

  forall a b (dict :: Coercible * a b).
    map @a @b (coerce @a @b @dict) = coerce @[a] @[b] @dict'

  where dict' :: Coercible [a] [b]
        dict' = ...

This matches literal uses of `map coerce` in code, but that's not what we
want. We want it to match, say, `map MkAge` (where newtype Age = MkAge Int)
too. Some of this is addressed by compulsorily unfolding coerce on the LHS,
yielding

  forall a b (dict :: Coercible * a b).
    map @a @b (\(x :: a) -> case dict of
      MkCoercible (co :: a ~R# b) -> x |> co) = ...

Getting better. But this isn't exactly what gets produced. This is because
Coercible essentially has ~R# as a superclass, and superclasses get eagerly
extracted during solving. So we get this:

  forall a b (dict :: Coercible * a b).
    case Coercible_SCSel @* @a @b dict of
      _ [Dead] -> map @a @b (\(x :: a) -> case dict of
                               MkCoercible (co :: a ~R# b) -> x |> co) = ...

Unfortunately, this still abstracts over a Coercible dictionary. We really
want it to abstract over the ~R# evidence. So, we have Desugar.unfold_coerce,
which transforms the above to (see also Note [Desugaring coerce as cast] in
Desugar)

  forall a b (co :: a ~R# b).
    let dict = MkCoercible @* @a @b co in
    case Coercible_SCSel @* @a @b dict of
      _ [Dead] -> map @a @b (\(x :: a) -> case dict of
         MkCoercible (co :: a ~R# b) -> x |> co) = let dict = ... in ...

Now, we need simpleOptExpr to fix this up. It does so by taking three
separate actions:
  1. Inline certain non-recursive bindings. The choice whether to inline
     is made in simple_bind_pair. Note the rather specific check for
     MkCoercible in there.

  2. Stripping case expressions like the Coercible_SCSel one.
     See the `Case` case of simple_opt_expr's `go` function.

  3. Look for case expressions that unpack something that was
     just packed and inline them. This is also done in simple_opt_expr's
     `go` function.

This is all a fair amount of special-purpose hackery, but it's for
a good cause. And it won't hurt other RULES and such that it comes across.


************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
                Join points
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************
-}

-- | Returns Just (bndr,rhs) if the binding is a join point:
-- If it's a JoinId, just return it
-- If it's not yet a JoinId but is always tail-called,
--    make it into a JoinId and return it.
-- In the latter case, eta-expand the RHS if necessary, to make the
-- lambdas explicit, as is required for join points
--
-- Precondition: the InBndr has been occurrence-analysed,
--               so its OccInfo is valid
joinPointBinding_maybe :: InBndr -> InExpr -> Maybe (InBndr, InExpr)
joinPointBinding_maybe bndr rhs
  | not (isId bndr)
  = Nothing

  | isJoinId bndr
  = Just (bndr, rhs)

  | AlwaysTailCalled join_arity <- tailCallInfo (idOccInfo bndr)
  , (bndrs, body) <- etaExpandToJoinPoint join_arity rhs
  = Just (bndr `asJoinId` join_arity, mkLams bndrs body)

  | otherwise
  = Nothing

joinPointBindings_maybe :: [(InBndr, InExpr)] -> Maybe [(InBndr, InExpr)]
joinPointBindings_maybe bndrs
  = mapM (uncurry joinPointBinding_maybe) bndrs


{- *********************************************************************
*                                                                      *
         exprIsConApp_maybe
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************

Note [exprIsConApp_maybe]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
exprIsConApp_maybe is a very important function.  There are two principal
uses:
  * case e of { .... }
  * cls_op e, where cls_op is a class operation

In both cases you want to know if e is of form (C e1..en) where C is
a data constructor.

However e might not *look* as if


Note [exprIsConApp_maybe on literal strings]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
See #9400 and #13317.

Conceptually, a string literal "abc" is just ('a':'b':'c':[]), but in Core
they are represented as unpackCString# "abc"# by MkCore.mkStringExprFS, or
unpackCStringUtf8# when the literal contains multi-byte UTF8 characters.

For optimizations we want to be able to treat it as a list, so they can be
decomposed when used in a case-statement. exprIsConApp_maybe detects those
calls to unpackCString# and returns:

Just (':', [Char], ['a', unpackCString# "bc"]).

We need to be careful about UTF8 strings here. ""# contains a ByteString, so
we must parse it back into a FastString to split off the first character.
That way we can treat unpackCString# and unpackCStringUtf8# in the same way.

We must also be caeful about
   lvl = "foo"#
   ...(unpackCString# lvl)...
to ensure that we see through the let-binding for 'lvl'.  Hence the
(exprIsLiteral_maybe .. arg) in the guard before the call to
dealWithStringLiteral.

Note [Push coercions in exprIsConApp_maybe]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In Trac #13025 I found a case where we had
    op (df @t1 @t2)     -- op is a ClassOp
where
    df = (/\a b. K e1 e2) |> g

To get this to come out we need to simplify on the fly
   ((/\a b. K e1 e2) |> g) @t1 @t2

Hence the use of pushCoArgs.
-}

data ConCont = CC [CoreExpr] Coercion
                  -- Substitution already applied

-- | Returns @Just (dc, [t1..tk], [x1..xn])@ if the argument expression is
-- a *saturated* constructor application of the form @dc t1..tk x1 .. xn@,
-- where t1..tk are the *universally-quantified* type args of 'dc'
exprIsConApp_maybe :: InScopeEnv -> CoreExpr -> Maybe (DataCon, [Type], [CoreExpr])
exprIsConApp_maybe (in_scope, id_unf) expr
  = go (Left in_scope) expr (CC [] (mkRepReflCo (exprType expr)))
  where
    go :: Either InScopeSet Subst
             -- Left in-scope  means "empty substitution"
             -- Right subst    means "apply this substitution to the CoreExpr"
       -> CoreExpr -> ConCont
       -> Maybe (DataCon, [Type], [CoreExpr])
    go subst (Tick t expr) cont
       | not (tickishIsCode t) = go subst expr cont
    go subst (Cast expr co1) (CC args co2)
       | Just (args', co1') <- pushCoArgs (subst_co subst co1) args
            -- See Note [Push coercions in exprIsConApp_maybe]
       = go subst expr (CC args' (co1' `mkTransCo` co2))
    go subst (App fun arg) (CC args co)
       = go subst fun (CC (subst_arg subst arg : args) co)
    go subst (Lam var body) (CC (arg:args) co)
       | exprIsTrivial arg          -- Don't duplicate stuff!
       = go (extend subst var arg) body (CC args co)
    go (Right sub) (Var v) cont
       = go (Left (substInScope sub))
            (lookupIdSubst (text "exprIsConApp" <+> ppr expr) sub v)
            cont

    go (Left in_scope) (Var fun) cont@(CC args co)

        | Just con <- isDataConWorkId_maybe fun
        , count isValArg args == idArity fun
        = pushCoDataCon con args co

        -- Look through dictionary functions; see Note [Unfolding DFuns]
        | DFunUnfolding { df_bndrs = bndrs, df_con = con, df_args = dfun_args } <- unfolding
        , bndrs `equalLength` args    -- See Note [DFun arity check]
        , let subst = mkOpenSubst in_scope (bndrs `zip` args)
        = pushCoDataCon con (map (substExpr (text "exprIsConApp1") subst) dfun_args) co

        -- Look through unfoldings, but only arity-zero one;
        -- if arity > 0 we are effectively inlining a function call,
        -- and that is the business of callSiteInline.
        -- In practice, without this test, most of the "hits" were
        -- CPR'd workers getting inlined back into their wrappers,
        | idArity fun == 0
        , Just rhs <- expandUnfolding_maybe unfolding
        , let in_scope' = extendInScopeSetSet in_scope (exprFreeVars rhs)
        = go (Left in_scope') rhs cont

        -- See Note [exprIsConApp_maybe on literal strings]
        | (fun `hasKey` unpackCStringIdKey) ||
          (fun `hasKey` unpackCStringUtf8IdKey)
        , [arg]              <- args
        , Just (MachStr str) <- exprIsLiteral_maybe (in_scope, id_unf) arg
        = dealWithStringLiteral fun str co
        where
          unfolding = id_unf fun

    go _ _ _ = Nothing

    ----------------------------
    -- Operations on the (Either InScopeSet CoreSubst)
    -- The Left case is wildly dominant
    subst_co (Left {}) co = co
    subst_co (Right s) co = CoreSubst.substCo s co

    subst_arg (Left {}) e = e
    subst_arg (Right s) e = substExpr (text "exprIsConApp2") s e

    extend (Left in_scope) v e = Right (extendSubst (mkEmptySubst in_scope) v e)
    extend (Right s)       v e = Right (extendSubst s v e)


-- See Note [exprIsConApp_maybe on literal strings]
dealWithStringLiteral :: Var -> BS.ByteString -> Coercion
                      -> Maybe (DataCon, [Type], [CoreExpr])

-- This is not possible with user-supplied empty literals, MkCore.mkStringExprFS
-- turns those into [] automatically, but just in case something else in GHC
-- generates a string literal directly.
dealWithStringLiteral _   str co
  | BS.null str
  = pushCoDataCon nilDataCon [Type charTy] co

dealWithStringLiteral fun str co
  = let strFS = mkFastStringByteString str

        char = mkConApp charDataCon [mkCharLit (headFS strFS)]
        charTail = fastStringToByteString (tailFS strFS)

        -- In singleton strings, just add [] instead of unpackCstring# ""#.
        rest = if BS.null charTail
                 then mkConApp nilDataCon [Type charTy]
                 else App (Var fun)
                          (Lit (MachStr charTail))

    in pushCoDataCon consDataCon [Type charTy, char, rest] co

{-
Note [Unfolding DFuns]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DFuns look like

  df :: forall a b. (Eq a, Eq b) -> Eq (a,b)
  df a b d_a d_b = MkEqD (a,b) ($c1 a b d_a d_b)
                               ($c2 a b d_a d_b)

So to split it up we just need to apply the ops $c1, $c2 etc
to the very same args as the dfun.  It takes a little more work
to compute the type arguments to the dictionary constructor.

Note [DFun arity check]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Here we check that the total number of supplied arguments (inclding
type args) matches what the dfun is expecting.  This may be *less*
than the ordinary arity of the dfun: see Note [DFun unfoldings] in CoreSyn
-}

exprIsLiteral_maybe :: InScopeEnv -> CoreExpr -> Maybe Literal
-- Same deal as exprIsConApp_maybe, but much simpler
-- Nevertheless we do need to look through unfoldings for
-- Integer and string literals, which are vigorously hoisted to top level
-- and not subsequently inlined
exprIsLiteral_maybe env@(_, id_unf) e
  = case e of
      Lit l     -> Just l
      Tick _ e' -> exprIsLiteral_maybe env e' -- dubious?
      Var v     | Just rhs <- expandUnfolding_maybe (id_unf v)
                -> exprIsLiteral_maybe env rhs
      _         -> Nothing

{-
Note [exprIsLambda_maybe]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
exprIsLambda_maybe will, given an expression `e`, try to turn it into the form
`Lam v e'` (returned as `Just (v,e')`). Besides using lambdas, it looks through
casts (using the Push rule), and it unfolds function calls if the unfolding
has a greater arity than arguments are present.

Currently, it is used in Rules.match, and is required to make
"map coerce = coerce" match.
-}

exprIsLambda_maybe :: InScopeEnv -> CoreExpr
                      -> Maybe (Var, CoreExpr,[Tickish Id])
    -- See Note [exprIsLambda_maybe]

-- The simple case: It is a lambda already
exprIsLambda_maybe _ (Lam x e)
    = Just (x, e, [])

-- Still straightforward: Ticks that we can float out of the way
exprIsLambda_maybe (in_scope_set, id_unf) (Tick t e)
    | tickishFloatable t
    , Just (x, e, ts) <- exprIsLambda_maybe (in_scope_set, id_unf) e
    = Just (x, e, t:ts)

-- Also possible: A casted lambda. Push the coercion inside
exprIsLambda_maybe (in_scope_set, id_unf) (Cast casted_e co)
    | Just (x, e,ts) <- exprIsLambda_maybe (in_scope_set, id_unf) casted_e
    -- Only do value lambdas.
    -- this implies that x is not in scope in gamma (makes this code simpler)
    , not (isTyVar x) && not (isCoVar x)
    , ASSERT( not $ x `elemVarSet` tyCoVarsOfCo co) True
    , Just (x',e') <- pushCoercionIntoLambda in_scope_set x e co
    , let res = Just (x',e',ts)
    = --pprTrace "exprIsLambda_maybe:Cast" (vcat [ppr casted_e,ppr co,ppr res)])
      res

-- Another attempt: See if we find a partial unfolding
exprIsLambda_maybe (in_scope_set, id_unf) e
    | (Var f, as, ts) <- collectArgsTicks tickishFloatable e
    , idArity f > count isValArg as
    -- Make sure there is hope to get a lambda
    , Just rhs <- expandUnfolding_maybe (id_unf f)
    -- Optimize, for beta-reduction
    , let e' =  simpleOptExprWith (mkEmptySubst in_scope_set) (rhs `mkApps` as)
    -- Recurse, because of possible casts
    , Just (x', e'', ts') <- exprIsLambda_maybe (in_scope_set, id_unf) e'
    , let res = Just (x', e'', ts++ts')
    = -- pprTrace "exprIsLambda_maybe:Unfold" (vcat [ppr e, ppr (x',e'')])
      res

exprIsLambda_maybe _ _e
    = -- pprTrace "exprIsLambda_maybe:Fail" (vcat [ppr _e])
      Nothing


{- *********************************************************************
*                                                                      *
              The "push rules"
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************

Here we implement the "push rules" from FC papers:

* The push-argument rules, where we can move a coercion past an argument.
  We have
      (fun |> co) arg
  and we want to transform it to
    (fun arg') |> co'
  for some suitable co' and tranformed arg'.

* The PushK rule for data constructors.  We have
       (K e1 .. en) |> co
  and we want to tranform to
       (K e1' .. en')
  by pushing the coercion into the arguments
-}

pushCoArgs :: Coercion -> [CoreArg] -> Maybe ([CoreArg], Coercion)
pushCoArgs co []         = return ([], co)
pushCoArgs co (arg:args) = do { (arg',  co1) <- pushCoArg  co  arg
                              ; (args', co2) <- pushCoArgs co1 args
                              ; return (arg':args', co2) }

pushCoArg :: Coercion -> CoreArg -> Maybe (CoreArg, Coercion)
-- We have (fun |> co) arg, and we want to transform it to
--         (fun arg) |> co
-- This may fail, e.g. if (fun :: N) where N is a newtype
-- C.f. simplCast in Simplify.hs
-- 'co' is always Representational

pushCoArg co (Type ty) = do { (ty', co') <- pushCoTyArg co ty
                            ; return (Type ty', co') }
pushCoArg co val_arg   = do { (arg_co, co') <- pushCoValArg co
                            ; return (mkCast val_arg arg_co, co') }

pushCoTyArg :: Coercion -> Type -> Maybe (Type, Coercion)
-- We have (fun |> co) @ty
-- Push the coercion through to return
--         (fun @ty') |> co'
-- 'co' is always Representational
pushCoTyArg co ty
  | tyL `eqType` tyR
  = Just (ty, mkRepReflCo (piResultTy tyR ty))

  | isForAllTy tyL
  = ASSERT2( isForAllTy tyR, ppr co $$ ppr ty )
    Just (ty `mkCastTy` mkSymCo co1, co2)

  | otherwise
  = Nothing
  where
    Pair tyL tyR = coercionKind co
       -- co :: tyL ~ tyR
       -- tyL = forall (a1 :: k1). ty1
       -- tyR = forall (a2 :: k2). ty2

    co1 = mkNthCo 0 co
       -- co1 :: k1 ~ k2
       -- Note that NthCo can extract an equality between the kinds
       -- of the types related by a coercion between forall-types.
       -- See the NthCo case in CoreLint.

    co2 = mkInstCo co (mkCoherenceLeftCo (mkNomReflCo ty) co1)
        -- co2 :: ty1[ (ty|>co1)/a1 ] ~ ty2[ ty/a2 ]
        -- Arg of mkInstCo is always nominal, hence mkNomReflCo

pushCoValArg :: Coercion -> Maybe (Coercion, Coercion)
-- We have (fun |> co) arg
-- Push the coercion through to return
--         (fun (arg |> co_arg)) |> co_res
-- 'co' is always Representational
pushCoValArg co
  | tyL `eqType` tyR
  = Just (mkRepReflCo arg, mkRepReflCo res)

  | isFunTy tyL
  , (co1, co2) <- decomposeFunCo co
              -- If   co  :: (tyL1 -> tyL2) ~ (tyR1 -> tyR2)
              -- then co1 :: tyL1 ~ tyR1
              --      co2 :: tyL2 ~ tyR2
  = ASSERT2( isFunTy tyR, ppr co $$ ppr arg )
    Just (mkSymCo co1, co2)

  | otherwise
  = Nothing
  where
    (arg, res)   = splitFunTy tyR
    Pair tyL tyR = coercionKind co

pushCoercionIntoLambda
    :: InScopeSet -> Var -> CoreExpr -> Coercion -> Maybe (Var, CoreExpr)
-- This implements the Push rule from the paper on coercions
--    (\x. e) |> co
-- ===>
--    (\x'. e |> co')
pushCoercionIntoLambda in_scope x e co
    | ASSERT(not (isTyVar x) && not (isCoVar x)) True
    , Pair s1s2 t1t2 <- coercionKind co
    , Just (_s1,_s2) <- splitFunTy_maybe s1s2
    , Just (t1,_t2) <- splitFunTy_maybe t1t2
    = let (co1, co2) = decomposeFunCo co
          -- Should we optimize the coercions here?
          -- Otherwise they might not match too well
          x' = x `setIdType` t1
          in_scope' = in_scope `extendInScopeSet` x'
          subst = extendIdSubst (mkEmptySubst in_scope')
                                x
                                (mkCast (Var x') co1)
      in Just (x', substExpr (text "pushCoercionIntoLambda") subst e `mkCast` co2)
    | otherwise
    = pprTrace "exprIsLambda_maybe: Unexpected lambda in case" (ppr (Lam x e))
      Nothing

pushCoDataCon :: DataCon -> [CoreExpr] -> Coercion
              -> Maybe (DataCon
                       , [Type]      -- Universal type args
                       , [CoreExpr]) -- All other args incl existentials
-- Implement the KPush reduction rule as described in "Down with kinds"
-- The transformation applies iff we have
--      (C e1 ... en) `cast` co
-- where co :: (T t1 .. tn) ~ to_ty
-- The left-hand one must be a T, because exprIsConApp returned True
-- but the right-hand one might not be.  (Though it usually will.)
pushCoDataCon dc dc_args co
  | isReflCo co || from_ty `eqType` to_ty  -- try cheap test first
  , let (univ_ty_args, rest_args) = splitAtList (dataConUnivTyVars dc) dc_args
  = Just (dc, map exprToType univ_ty_args, rest_args)

  | Just (to_tc, to_tc_arg_tys) <- splitTyConApp_maybe to_ty
  , to_tc == dataConTyCon dc
        -- These two tests can fail; we might see
        --      (C x y) `cast` (g :: T a ~ S [a]),
        -- where S is a type function.  In fact, exprIsConApp
        -- will probably not be called in such circumstances,
        -- but there's nothing wrong with it

  = let
        tc_arity       = tyConArity to_tc
        dc_univ_tyvars = dataConUnivTyVars dc
        dc_ex_tyvars   = dataConExTyVars dc
        arg_tys        = dataConRepArgTys dc

        non_univ_args  = dropList dc_univ_tyvars dc_args
        (ex_args, val_args) = splitAtList dc_ex_tyvars non_univ_args

        -- Make the "Psi" from the paper
        omegas = decomposeCo tc_arity co
        (psi_subst, to_ex_arg_tys)
          = liftCoSubstWithEx Representational
                              dc_univ_tyvars
                              omegas
                              dc_ex_tyvars
                              (map exprToType ex_args)

          -- Cast the value arguments (which include dictionaries)
        new_val_args = zipWith cast_arg arg_tys val_args
        cast_arg arg_ty arg = mkCast arg (psi_subst arg_ty)

        to_ex_args = map Type to_ex_arg_tys

        dump_doc = vcat [ppr dc,      ppr dc_univ_tyvars, ppr dc_ex_tyvars,
                         ppr arg_tys, ppr dc_args,
                         ppr ex_args, ppr val_args, ppr co, ppr from_ty, ppr to_ty, ppr to_tc ]
    in
    ASSERT2( eqType from_ty (mkTyConApp to_tc (map exprToType $ takeList dc_univ_tyvars dc_args)), dump_doc )
    ASSERT2( equalLength val_args arg_tys, dump_doc )
    Just (dc, to_tc_arg_tys, to_ex_args ++ new_val_args)

  | otherwise
  = Nothing

  where
    Pair from_ty to_ty = coercionKind co

collectBindersPushingCo :: CoreExpr -> ([Var], CoreExpr)
-- Collect lambda binders, pushing coercions inside if possible
-- E.g.   (\x.e) |> g         g :: <Int> -> blah
--        = (\x. e |> Nth 1 g)
--
-- That is,
--
-- collectBindersPushingCo ((\x.e) |> g) === ([x], e |> Nth 1 g)
collectBindersPushingCo e
  = go [] e
  where
    -- Peel off lambdas until we hit a cast.
    go :: [Var] -> CoreExpr -> ([Var], CoreExpr)
    -- The accumulator is in reverse order
    go bs (Lam b e)   = go (b:bs) e
    go bs (Cast e co) = go_c bs e co
    go bs e           = (reverse bs, e)

    -- We are in a cast; peel off casts until we hit a lambda.
    go_c :: [Var] -> CoreExpr -> Coercion -> ([Var], CoreExpr)
    -- (go_c bs e c) is same as (go bs e (e |> c))
    go_c bs (Cast e co1) co2 = go_c bs e (co1 `mkTransCo` co2)
    go_c bs (Lam b e)    co  = go_lam bs b e co
    go_c bs e            co  = (reverse bs, mkCast e co)

    -- We are in a lambda under a cast; peel off lambdas and build a
    -- new coercion for the body.
    go_lam :: [Var] -> Var -> CoreExpr -> Coercion -> ([Var], CoreExpr)
    -- (go_lam bs b e c) is same as (go_c bs (\b.e) c)
    go_lam bs b e co
      | isTyVar b
      , let Pair tyL tyR = coercionKind co
      , ASSERT( isForAllTy tyL )
        isForAllTy tyR
      , isReflCo (mkNthCo 0 co)  -- See Note [collectBindersPushingCo]
      = go_c (b:bs) e (mkInstCo co (mkNomReflCo (mkTyVarTy b)))

      | isId b
      , let Pair tyL tyR = coercionKind co
      , ASSERT( isFunTy tyL) isFunTy tyR
      , (co_arg, co_res) <- decomposeFunCo co
      , isReflCo co_arg  -- See Note [collectBindersPushingCo]
      = go_c (b:bs) e co_res

      | otherwise = (reverse bs, mkCast (Lam b e) co)

{- Note [collectBindersPushingCo]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
We just look for coercions of form
   <type> -> blah
(and similarly for foralls) to keep this function simple.  We could do
more elaborate stuff, but it'd involve substitution etc.
-}