Functions

Mainly for convenience.

• Iteratively generate sequential squares, from the specified initial value, based on the fact that (x + 1)^2 = x^2 + 2 * x + 1.
• The initial value doesn't need to be either positive or integral.

Just for convenience.

Just for convenience.

• Raise an arbitrary number to the specified positive integral power, using modular arithmetic.
• Implements exponentiation as a sequence of either squares or multiplications by the base; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_exponentiation.