PMID- 22078126 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20120427 LR - 20240610 IS - 0168-9525 (Print) IS - 0168-9525 (Electronic) IS - 0168-9525 (Linking) VI - 28 IP - 2 DP - 2012 Feb TI - The end of gonad-centric sex determination in mammals. PG - 55-61 LID - 10.1016/j.tig.2011.10.004 [doi] AB - The 20th-century theory of mammalian sex determination states that the embryo is sexually indifferent until the differentiation of gonads, after which sex differences in phenotype are caused by the differential effects of gonadal hormones. However, this theory is inadequate because some sex differences precede differentiation of the gonads and/or are determined by non-gonadal effects of the sexual inequality in the number and type of sex chromosomes. In this article, I propose a general theory of sex determination, which recognizes multiple parallel primary sex-determining pathways initiated by genes or factors encoded by the sex chromosomes. The separate sex-specific pathways interact to synergize with or antagonize each other, enhancing or reducing sex differences in phenotype. CI - Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. FAU - Arnold, Arthur P AU - Arnold AP AD - Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239, USA. arnold@ucla.edu LA - eng GR - R01 NS043196/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States GR - MH059268/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States GR - DC000217/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States GR - R01 DC000217/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States GR - R01 DK083561-03/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States GR - R01 MH059268-03/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States GR - R01 GM059268/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States GR - DK08356/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States GR - NS043196/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States GR - R01 DK083561/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States GR - R01 NS043196-08/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States GR - R01 DC000217-24/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural DEP - 20111109 PL - England TA - Trends Genet JT - Trends in genetics : TIG JID - 8507085 SB - IM MH - Animals MH - Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental MH - Genome MH - Gonads/embryology/*growth & development/metabolism MH - Humans MH - Mammals/embryology/*genetics/growth & development MH - *Sex Determination Processes MH - Sex Differentiation PMC - PMC3268825 MID - NIHMS333647 EDAT- 2011/11/15 06:00 MHDA- 2012/04/28 06:00 PMCR- 2013/02/01 CRDT- 2011/11/15 06:00 PHST- 2011/08/31 00:00 [received] PHST- 2011/10/16 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2011/10/17 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2011/11/15 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2011/11/15 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2012/04/28 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2013/02/01 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - S0168-9525(11)00170-3 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.tig.2011.10.004 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Trends Genet. 2012 Feb;28(2):55-61. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2011.10.004. Epub 2011 Nov 9.